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ANIMAL LIFE MCQ > CATTLE HANDLING > Flashcards

CATTLE HANDLING Flashcards

1
Q

How many teeth does a cattle have and state their positions.

A

8 in total on the lower jaw - 6 incisors with 2 canine teeth on either side of the incisors

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2
Q

How long does it take from the time permanents eruption begins until the tooth has grown in complete?

A

5 months

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3
Q

What are the other factors that could influence on the age at which the teeth erupt?

A

Sex and breed

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4
Q

What is the main cow breed in Langhill?

A

Holstein Friesian

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5
Q

State the eruption order of permanent teeth in Holstein Frisian.

A

Central incisors: Eruption - 1 yr 9 m
In wear - 2 yrs

2nd incisors: Eruption - 2 yrs 3 m
In wear - 2 yrs 6 m

3rd incisors: Eruption - 2 yrs 9 m
In wear - 3 yrs

Canine teeth: Eruption - 3 yrs 3 m
In wear - 3 yrs 6 m

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6
Q

By law all calves must have an ear tag in each ear, both tags carry the same information, what are the information?

A

The herd number;
individual unique identification number;
country of origin

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7
Q

What is the one system to cover the UK that came into operation on the 28th Sept 1998 to track cattle?

A

The Cattle Tracing system

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8
Q

What are the 4 main elements of The Cattle Tracing System?

A

Tagging;
Farm records;
Passports;
The CTS;

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9
Q

What is the tagging requirement for dairy cattle?

A

Must have at least 1 tag fitted within 36 hours of birth;
the 2nd tag may be fitted within 20 days of birth;
all cattle must be tagged before they leave the holding of birth.

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10
Q

What are farm records used for?

A

Records of cattle births, imports, movements & deaths must be kept by farmers;

the register may be paper/computer based;

registers must be retained by farmers for 10 yrs & 3 yrs in any other case (e.g. markets)

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11
Q

What are passports used for?

A

All cattle born in or imported into Great Britain since 1 July 1996 must have a cattle passport;

applies whether the cattle are male, female, diary or beef and even if the animal is still on the holding on which it was born;

the passport must be remain with an animal throughout its life;

all applications for cattle passports must be made to the BCMS within 7 days of tagging

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12
Q

What is the CTS?

A

A computer-based system to register cattle in Great Britain and their movements from birth to death;

records the identification and death of cattle registered since July 1996, and the movement from birth to death of cattle issued with passports since 1998;

all cattle keepers involved when an animal with a new passport moves must tell BCMS - e.g. when there’s a private sale, the seller will need to tell BCMS about the movement “off” his holding, and the buyer will need to tell BCMS about the movement “on” to his holding

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13
Q

Castration: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to the age of animal up to 7 days.

A

Rubber ring or device to restrict flow of blood to scrotum;

Unqualified;

w/o anaesthetic

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14
Q

Castration: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to the age of animal up to 2 months.

A

Other than rubber ring methods;

Unqualified;

w/o anaesthetic

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15
Q

Castration: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to the age of animal 2 months or over.

A

Other than rubber ring methods;

Veterinary surgeon;

w/ anaesthetic

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16
Q

Dehorning: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to any age of animals.

A

No specific technique;

Unqualified;

w/ anaesthetic

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17
Q

Disbudding: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to up to 7 days of animals.

A

Chemical cauterisation;

Unqualified;

w/o anaesthetic

18
Q

Disbudding: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to beyond 7 days of animal ( unspecified).

A

Other than chemical cauterisation;

Unqualified;

w/ anaesthetic

19
Q

Removal of supernumerary teats: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to up to 3 months of animal.

A

No specific technique;

Unqualified;

See regulations

20
Q

Removal of supernumerary teats: state the technique, person who may perform and anaesthetic requirement with respect to beyond 3 months of animal.

A

No specific technique;

Veterinary surgeon;

See regulations

21
Q

State the signs of health of cattle.

A

Temperature: 38-39 degree celsius
Respiration: 12-25 breaths/min (varies with age)
Pulse: 50-60/min in adults

22
Q

Where do you take the pulse of a cattle?

A

At angle of jaw;
inside the foreleg;
under tail

23
Q

State the signs of heat (oestrus) in dairy cows.

A

Behaviour:

  • standing to allow other bovines to mount;
  • attempting to mount other bovines (from front);
  • usually alert & restless;
  • increased respiration rate;
  • vocalising/calling (bulling)

Discharge:

  • clear copious stringy mucus from vulva, often seen on tail/dries on the skin & hair of thighs;
  • blood stained mucus (can be significant amount in some cows) seen 2 days post oestrus;

Other signs:
- Tail head may appear rubbed or licked; this is used as the basis of Kamar heat detectors

24
Q

State the signs of approaching parturition.

A

Abdominal enlargement:
- Usually apparent from 3 months before calving but can be very subjective, especially in cows that have had several calves before. never use this solely as an indicator of pregnancy as a veterinary surgeon. From around 7 months onwards some stockmen are able to feel the calf by ballottement of the right flank;

Udder filling:
- Usually occur 1 month before calving

Udder and teats tense:
- Calving imminent

Relaxation of ligaments:
- ‘Springing’ usually occurs when calving imminent but in older cows may occur earlier

Mucus from vulva:
- Usually calving imminent but may occur from 2 weeks pre-calving

25
Q

What are the causes of a downer cow?

A
  • milk fever
  • trauma at calving causing damage to the nerve supply of hind limbs
  • toxic mastitis
  • lack of confidence on a slippery surface
  • lack of space to lunge forward when rising I.e. stuck in a corner
  • incorrect positioning of legs
  • physical damage caused by falls, mounting by other cows, casting etc
26
Q

Methods to encourage rise of a cow.

A
  • most respond to calcium
  • may need to be moved to a bedded court or onto grass where there’s a chance for them to get a grip
  • good footing, adequate space to lunge, legs positioned correctly, I.e. hind legs under cow
  • slap hindquarters, encourage with knees against chest, verbal encouragement
  • use food or another cow in front
  • dogs sometimes useful
  • leave them alone for a bit
  • various harness, pelvic clamps and other devices to facilitate
27
Q

What are the methods for castration?

A
  1. Elastrator rings
  2. Knife
  3. Burdizzo (bloodless castrator)
28
Q

How do elastrator rings work?

A
  • Can only be used if calves are under 7 days old

- ensure both testicles are included and that tears are excluded

29
Q

Explain how is knife used in castration?

A
  • Scrotum is opened and tested removed by traction
  • an emasculator may be used in larger animals
  • only a veterinary surgeon using anesthetic may perform this surgery in animals over 8 weeks old
30
Q

How does burdizzo (bloodless castrator) work?

A
  • Crushes the spermatic cords, which include the blood vessels which supply the testes, but leave the scrotum intact
  • useful if unclean environment
  • if performed badly castration may be incomplete or gangrene of the scrotum can occur
  • Animals over 8 weeks, may only be performed by a veterinary surgeon using anesthesia
31
Q

State the method of restraint for castration.

A
  • larger animals are best restraint in a good crush
  • a smaller calf may be pressed against a wall or partition with the handler holding the tail up over back, and holding one hock laterally
32
Q

State the methods of disbudding/dehorning.

A
  • up to 7 days buds may be chemically cauterized
  • after 7 days buds are usually removed using a gas or electric disbudder with local anesthetics
  • larger animals require good crush restraint and a halter (the main problem in removing large horns is achieving good haemostasis
33
Q

Describe the restraint for disbudding/dehorning.

A

Put the back end of the calf in a corner to prevent movement. Assistant stands with thigh against the calf’s neck with a hand around the muzzle/jaw. Operator holds the opposite ear away from burner. There are small commercial calf crushes available or can put calf’s head through feeding space if individually housed.

34
Q

Describe the drenching/ringing process

A

Oral administration of medicines

  • animals may be drenched using a drenching gun (worming) or a long-necked bottle.
  • introduce the bottle/gun via the diastema and aim it towards the back of the tongue
  • the head should be minimally restrained and the animal should be allowed to swallow as it is drenched - don’t go too fast. Take special care with weak animals; tilt the nose upward to aid drenching
35
Q

Describe the process of ringing bull.

A
  • Easiest in a crush with a halter and bulldogs if the bull is particularly difficult. (A halter is usually sufficient)
  • Ring is inserted low down through the nasal septum in front of the cartilage; rings vary in size and are copper or alloy
36
Q

What medicines are designed for subcutaneous use?

A
  • several antibiotics

- bottles of calcium and magnesium may be injected subcutaneously

37
Q

Why is mammary vein not advisable for blood collection?

A
  • Tendency to form haematomas
  • risk of phlebitis
  • risk of being kicked
  • the amount of dirt around it
    (Some farmers will use it for calcium treatment as it’s easy to find)
38
Q

For intramuscular injections, what borders form the gluteal region?

A
  • Nuchal ligament
  • Cervical vertebrae
  • Scapula
39
Q

What are the most common sites for intramuscular injections?

A
  • gluteal region
  • neck muscles
  • quadriceps
40
Q

Name and explain the methods of prevention of kicking?

A
  1. Tail Jack: Tail held near the base and pushed directly upwards
  2. Udder cinch: rope is placed in front of the hook bones round the precrural fold, around the back of the udder round the other precrural fold and back in front of the hook bones. Pull the rope tight and put in some form of quick release knot. This is quite a severe technique. Only suitable for cows with a reasonable size of udder - otherwise it will simply fall off.
  3. Belly cinch: rope around the front of udder and front of hook bones around the abdomen and tighten (can be rather extreme but the tightness is adjustable). Tie the cinch off with a half hitch and adjust the tension by using a piece of wood as a tourniquet device
  4. Hobbles (apply above fetlock or hock)
  5. Tendon clamp (applied to Achilles’ tendon)

ANIMAL LIFE MCQ (8 decks)

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