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Animal Science 200 > Cattle > Flashcards

Cattle Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What is the phyla of cattle?

A

Cordata

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2
Q

What is the subphyla of cattle?

A

Vertebrates (segmented spinal column)

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3
Q

What is the class of cattle?

A

Mammalia

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4
Q

What is the order of cattle?

A

Ungulata (hoofed animals)

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5
Q

What is the suborder of cattle?

A

Artrodactyles (even toed)

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6
Q

What is the section of cattle?

A

Pecora (true ruminants)

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7
Q

What is the family of cattle?

A

Bovidae

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8
Q

What is the genus of cattle?

A

Bos (cattle)

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9
Q

What is the group of cattle?

A

Taurine (of or like a bull)

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10
Q

What are the species of cattle?

A

B. primigenius
B. taurus
B. indicus

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11
Q

Another name for B. primigenius is …

A

Aurochs

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12
Q

When and where did aurochs first appear?

A

India about 2 million years ago

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13
Q

When and where did the last auroch die?

A

1627 in Poland

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14
Q

Where where the Bod Taurus domesticated?

A

In the fertile crescent about 10,000 years ago

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15
Q

Do Bos Taurus have humps?

A

No they are European

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16
Q

Do Bos Zebu have humps?

A

Yes they are Indian

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17
Q

Where do the two major lineages of Bos Zebu come from?

A
  1. Southeast Asia +China in the Indus valley of Pakistan

2. East Asia + Indian Subcontinent

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18
Q

Are Bos Indicus and Bos Zebu the came thing?

A

yes

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19
Q

Bull: (definition)

A

Intact male over one year of age

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20
Q

Bullock: (definition)

A

Mature castrated male used for meat

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21
Q

Heifer: (definition)

A

Young female up to time she has had a calf

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22
Q

Beast: (definition)

A

Description term for adult bovine

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23
Q

Free Martin: (definition)

A

Female calf born with a male twin

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24
Q

Japanese Ox: (definition)

A

Grain fed steers destined for Japan

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25
Q

Stag: (definition)

A

Improper or late castration

26
Q

Springer: (definition)

A

Cow or heifer close to calving

27
Q

Fresh cow: (definition)

A

Dairy term for cow just calved

28
Q

Dogies: (definition)

A

Orphaned cow

29
Q

Mountain oysters: (definition)

A

testicles from a cow

30
Q

Describe the Life of a Cow.

A
  • Bred at 14 months
  • Has first calf at 24 months ( without dystocia)
  • Must produce a calf every year (9-10 total)
31
Q

Describe the life of a Bull.

A
  • Weaned at 6 months
  • Fed good quality forage until breeding age
  • Enters breeding herd at 2 years of age
  • Usually only with cows during breeding season
  • Usually kept for 2-4 breeding seasons
32
Q

Describe Breeding / Culling season.

A
  • Year round breeding - bulls stay out
  • For early spring calving:
    • breed during late may
    • claves born Feb - Mar.
    • weaned in October
  • For late spring calving:
    • breed late June - May
  • For fall calving:
    • breed during Jan - Feb
33
Q

Describe the life of a Steer.

A
  • Castrated shortly after birth
  • Grazed on pasture until about 7,000 lbs
  • Enters feedlot and is fed grain for 120 to 180 days or until 1,300 lbs
34
Q

Describe the life of Heifer.

A
  • If kept as a replacement for breeding herd:
    • weaned at 6 months
    • fed on good quality forage until bred at 14 months
    • most producers will provide calving assistance to first
      calf heifers
  • If not going into breeding herd:
    • treated same as a steer
35
Q

Cattle Nutrition: Why are the Microorganisms unique?

A

They digest grass and the structural carbohydrates in plants

36
Q

Cattle Nutrition: What are the 4 compartments of the ruminant stomach?

A

Rumen
Reticulum
Omasum
Abomasum

37
Q

Cattle Nutrition: What are the structural carbohydrates?

A

Cellulose
Lignin
Hemicellulose

38
Q

Cattle Nutrition: What are nonstructural carbohydrates?

A

Everything in the cell that is easily digestable or not apart of the structure of the plant

39
Q

Cattle Nutrition: What are the classes of nutrients?

A 
Water
Fats 
Carbs 
Vitamins 
Minerals
40
Q

Beef Cattle Management: What is a seed stock producer?

A

Cow-Calf producers that produce breeding stock for purebred or commercial operations

41
Q

Beef Cattle Management: What is a Cow-Calf operation?

A

Use purebred breeding stock in crossbreeding programs to produce commercial offspring

42
Q

Beef Cattle Management: What is a stocker operation?

A

Purchasing weaning calves from cow/calf producers and feed them out on pasture land

43
Q

Beef Cattle Management: What are feedlots?

A

A segment of the beef industry whose sole purpose is to feed + fatten cattle

44
Q

Beef Cattle Management: What do beef packers do?

A

Harvest finished cattle which are purchased from feedlots and other outlets

45
Q

Beef Cattle Management: What is a consumer?

A

The true final segment of the beef industry

46
Q

Beef Production: Breeds are distinguished by what?

A
  • Color
  • Color pattern
  • Polled / Horned
  • Extreme differences in form or shape
47
Q

Beef Cattle Management: Name 3 major US beef breeds.

A

Shorthorn
Hereford
Angus

48
Q

Beef Cattle Management: How do you improve the herd?

A
  • Select animals that are superior to the herd average

- Selecting traits that are highly heritable

49
Q

List the Economically Important Traits.

A
  1. Reproductive Performance
  2. Weaning Weight
  3. Post Weaning Growth
  4. Feed Efficiency
  5. Carcas Merit
  6. Longevity
  7. Conformation
  8. Freedom From Genetic Defects
50
Q

What are some characteristics of Reproductive Performance?

A
  • goal is to have >85% calves weaned
  • calf every 365 days
  • entire calving season 90 days
  • high heritability’s
  • best way to improve repro. performance is to improve environment
51
Q

What two ways can you improve the environment for the herd?

A
  • select bulls that are sound

- crossbreeding

52
Q

Reproductive Cycles: Estrus characteristics are …

A
  • 10 to 26 hours
  • 18 hour average
  • cycle year round
53
Q

Reproductive Cycles: Estrous characteristics are …

A
  • 18 to 24 days

- 21 day average

54
Q

Reproductive Cycles: How long is gestation?

A

285 days

55
Q

Reproductive Cycles: When does ovulation occur?

A

4 - 16 hours post estrus

56
Q

What are some characteristics of Weaning Weight?

A
  • measured by actual weight
  • commonly adjusted to 205 day equivalent
  • commonly expressed as a ratio of calves in the group
  • (actual birth weight - birth weight / days between weights) 205 + birth weight + adjustments
57
Q

What are some characteristics of Post Weaning Growth?

A
  • weaned from finished weight

- weaning weight + past weaning growth

58
Q

What are some characteristics of Feed Efficiency?

A
  • Lbs. of feed / Lbs. gained
  • hard to measure
  • Highly heritable
59
Q

What are some characteristics of Carcas Merit?

A
  • quality grades and yeild grades
  • measured by ultrasound
  • heritable > 30 %
60
Q

What are some characteristics of Longevity?

A
  • highly reproductive cows (4-15 years)
  • bulls kept for 3-5 years
  • possible culling
61
Q

What are some characteristics of Conformation?

A
  • form, shape, visual appearance
62
Q

What are some characteristics of Freedom from Genetic Defects?

A
  • usually occur frequently
  • common defects
  • many result in death
  • get out of herd means to get rid of carrier

Animal Science 200 (2 decks)

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