Catheters Flashcards
what are the 4 indications for peripheral venous catheters?
- emergency medications (CPA)
- fluid admin
- sedation
- euthanasia
what are the 4 common locations to place peripheral venous catheters?
cephalic
saphenous
auricular
pedal
what type of catheter characteristics are BEST for fluid administration and blood products especially in patients with shock?
LARGE bore
SHORT catheter
when are peripheral venous catheters CONTRAINDICATED?
- fractious patient in respiraotry distress or patients in severe distress that a catheter placement would push them into CPA
- suspected cutaneous infection of catheter site
- placing it in a limb that is fractured.
What is the major use for venous cut down catheters?
very small patietns or patients that are in shock
this is for TEMPORARY fluid rescucitation until routine peripheral venous catheter can be placed.
what is the preferred location for venous cutdown catheters in dogs and cats?
dogs – lateral saphenous
cats – medial saphenous
what are potential complications of peripheral venous catheters?
- phlebitis
- catheter site infection
- extravasation of fluids or meds
- thrombosis
- catheter embolism
what are signs of phlebitis from peripheral venous catheters?
pain on palpation, pain during injection administration, swelling and erythema of the site, and fever
T/F: leaving cathters in longer than 72 hours increase risk for catheter site infection
false
what bacteria is most commonly cultured from catheter site infections?
enterobacter
what are indications for intraosseous catheters?
- emergency medications (CPA)
- fluid admin
- sedation
- euthanasia
- failure to place peripheral venous catheter
- small, neonatal, or exotic patients (except birds)
what 2 sites are the most common sites for placing intraosseous catheters in dogs?
femoral and humeral
T/F: intraosseous catheters lead to SLOWER onset of drug admininstration
true but can improve by giving fluid bolus
T/F: using intraosseous catheters to replace fluid deficit prior to placing a peripheral venous catheter is an appropriate indication for IO catheters
false
T/F: you can use IO catheters for blood sampling
true
the blood gas analysis will appear similar to mixed venous-arterial sample and you should interpret the K and glucose with caution
There are commercially available kits for IO catheter placement. If you do not have one, what needle can you use?
18-30g hypodermic needles for small animals
IO infusion or bone marrow needles for mature dogs and cats.
Loss of resistance when placing an IO catheter indicates…
penetration of the cortex.
can confirm by aspiration of blood bone marrow, placing heparinized saline and watching for it to flow freely, and the IO catheter should move with the limb and feel firmly seated.
what are contraindications to placing an IO catheter?
- fractured bones
- infected tissue
- birds – bc pneumatic bones
what are potential complications of IO catheters?
- infection
- fat embolism
- extravasation of fluids/meds
- nerve injury
- compartment syndrome
- fractures
what can decrease the risk of infections associated wtih IO catheters?
sterile technique
catheter removed in 72 hrs
what are the indications for placing a central line / PICC line?
- frequent blood glucose and blood gas monitoring
- multiple fluid types desired but not compatible within other peripheral lines
- high osmolality medications or fluids that need to be administered continuously
- admin total parenteral nutrition
- venous pressure monitoring
- other locations not available d/t infection
what are the most common locations to place central lines, sampling catheters, or PICC lines?
jugular (terminates in cranial vena cava)
saphernous (terminates in caudal vena cava)
T/F: the complications of central lines, sampling catheters, and PICC lines are the same as with peripheral venous catheters
true the risk is not any higher.
what are indications for urinary catheters?
- de-obstruction or urinary retention disorder
- urine output monitoring
- post-op urinary procedures or urinary system trauma
- infectious zoonotic disease control
- immobilized patients that may develop urine scalding or with wounds that can be contaminated
- contrast studies
what are the 2 types of urinary catheters?
- indwelling
- intermittent – best for contrast procedures or relieving obstructions
what is the biggest contraindication to placing a urinary catheter?
Inadeq nursing staff to manage if indwelling.
what are the complications associated with urinary catheters?
- infection
- physical trauma to urethra or bladder
- sedation or anesthesia related complications
T/F: the incidence of urinary tract infections associated with urinary catheters increases if the catheter is left in for more than 3 days.
true
but the incidence has gone down in general because we have changed our technique for placing urinary catheters (aseptic technique, limit duration they are left indwelling, routine catheter maintenance and cleaning)
how can you prevent urethral or bladder tears when placing a ucath?
caution with the stylet
use lots of lube
avoid forcing it
choose correct catheter type and size
what is the appropriate catheter size for cats versus dogs?
cats – 3.5 fr (red rubber, slippery sam, or tomcat)
dogs – 5-8 fr (red rubber or foley)
