CATEGORY: SCIENCE Flashcards
What branch of computer science studies the theoretical limits of computation and solvability?
Answer: Computational Complexity Theory
Which mathematical concept is the foundation of public-key cryptography, particularly RSA encryption?
Answer: Number Theory
What is the scientific field that applies computational methods to simulate and analyze complex physical systems?
Answer: Computational Science
What is the name of the equation that models how information entropy increases over time?
Answer: Shannon’s Entropy Equation
The binary number system, which is the foundation of modern computing, was formalized by which mathematician?
Answer: Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz
What is the name of the fundamental theorem that proves the existence of a universal Turing machine?
Answer: Church-Turing Thesis
Which branch of science uses machine learning algorithms to analyze DNA sequences and biological data?
Answer: Bioinformatics
What is the name of the scientific computing library in Python widely used for numerical simulations?
Answer: NumPy
In quantum computing, what is the quantum analog of a classical bit, capable of existing in superposition states?
Answer: Qubit
What is the P vs NP problem, one of the most famous unsolved problems in computer science, fundamentally about?
Answer: Whether every problem whose solution can be verified in polynomial time (NP) can also be solved in polynomial time (P).
What is the Halting Problem, proven to be undecidable by Alan Turing?
Answer: The problem of determining whether an arbitrary program will terminate or run indefinitely.
What algorithm is used to simulate the behavior of subatomic particles in quantum mechanics?
Answer: Monte Carlo Method
What scientific principle is used in error-correcting codes like Hamming Codes to detect and fix data transmission errors?
Answer: Parity Checking
What is the name of the mathematical model that simulates the spread of diseases using computational methods?
Answer: SIR Model (Susceptible-Infected-Recovered)
What is the fundamental complexity class that includes problems solvable with a quantum computer in polynomial time?
Answer: BQP (Bounded-Error Quantum Polynomial Time)
What is the name of the theorem that states a single-layer feedforward neural network with enough neurons can approximate any continuous function?
Answer: Universal Approximation Theorem
In computational neuroscience, which AI model is inspired by the way human brains process visual information?
Answer: Convolutional Neural Networks (CNNs)
What is the name of the first AI system to predict the 3D structure of proteins with high accuracy, solving a 50-year biology problem?
Answer: AlphaFold
In reinforcement learning, what theorem states that any policy that is strictly better than another at all states is an optimal policy?
Answer: Bellman Optimality Equation
What scientific concept does the Ising Model, a fundamental model in statistical mechanics, share with Hopfield Networks in AI?
Answer: Energy minimization and phase transitions
What numerical method is widely used in physics and engineering to approximate solutions to differential equations in scientific computing?
Answer: Finite Element Method (FEM)
What quantum computing algorithm provides an exponential speedup over classical factoring algorithms, posing a major threat to RSA encryption?
Answer: Shor’s Algorithm
The Schrödinger equation, a fundamental equation in quantum mechanics, is often solved using what type of computational technique?
Answer: Variational Monte Carlo (VMC) or Density Functional Theory (DFT)
In computational fluid dynamics (CFD), which set of equations governs the behavior of fluid flow simulations?
Answer: Navier-Stokes Equations
What is the name of the quantum machine learning algorithm that provides quantum speedups for solving linear systems of equations?
Answer: Harrow-Hassidim-Lloyd (HHL) Algorithm
What famous computational algorithm is used in genomic sequence alignment and was first developed for comparing biological sequences?
Answer: Needleman-Wunsch Algorithm
The CRISPR gene-editing technology was enhanced by computational biology through what AI-based technique for designing more efficient edits?
Answer: Deep Learning-Based CRISPR Off-Target Prediction
What hidden Markov model-based algorithm is widely used for gene prediction and RNA sequencing analysis?
Answer: Viterbi Algorithm
In protein folding simulations, what computational technique is used to predict molecular interactions at an atomic level?
Answer: Molecular Dynamics (MD) Simulation
What mathematical model in epidemiology extends the classical SIR model by adding an exposed (E) compartment to better model disease spread?
Answer: SEIR Model (Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered)
What quantum chemistry method approximates the electronic wave function of molecules by iteratively refining electron interactions?
Answer: Hartree-Fock Method
In density functional theory (DFT), what is the name of the functional that describes electron exchange and correlation effects?
Answer: Kohn-Sham Functional
What is the Born-Oppenheimer Approximation, and why is it used in molecular simulations?
Answer: It assumes that nuclei move much more slowly than electrons, allowing electronic and nuclear motion to be separated in quantum calculations.
What AI-based technique is used to predict molecular docking in drug discovery, simulating how molecules bind to biological targets?
Answer: Deep Learning-Based Molecular Docking
What is the name of the hybrid quantum-classical algorithm used for solving electronic structure problems in quantum chemistry?
Answer: Variational Quantum Eigensolver (VQE)
What cryptographic algorithm is used for privacy-preserving genetic data analysis, allowing secure computations on DNA sequences?
Answer: Homomorphic Encryption
What technique is used to ensure secure genomic data sharing while preventing re-identification of individuals?
Answer: Differential Privacy
What error-correcting code is commonly used in DNA storage technology to protect against mutation-induced data corruption?
Answer: Reed-Solomon Code
In phylogenetic tree reconstruction, what graph-based algorithm is used to infer evolutionary relationships from DNA sequences?
Answer: Neighbor-Joining Algorithm
What cryptographic challenge arises when storing genomic data in blockchains, due to the immutability of the ledger?
Answer: The inability to delete or update sensitive genetic information once stored.
What AI system developed by DeepMind solved 50-year-old protein structure prediction problems, revolutionizing structural biology?
Answer: AlphaFold
What type of AI models are used in automated theorem proving, assisting mathematicians in discovering new proofs?
Answer: Transformer-Based Language Models (e.g., GPT-F, Lean)
What generative AI technique is used to design novel chemical compounds by predicting molecular structures with desired properties?
Answer: Variational Autoencoders (VAEs) and Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs)
What is the name of the AI system that discovered a new antibiotic, Halicin, by scanning chemical compound databases?
Answer: Deep Learning-Based Drug Discovery Model (MIT’s AI system)
In materials science, what AI-based method is used to discover new materials by predicting crystal structures?
Answer: Machine Learning-Based Materials Informatics
