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AVBS3001 > Categorised parasites > Flashcards

Categorised parasites Flashcards

1
Q

Parvovirus

A

Non enveloped

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2
Q

Papillomaviridae

A

Non enveloped

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3
Q

Poxviridae

A

Enveloped

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4
Q

Staphylococcus

A

Gram pos cocci
Clusters
facultative anaerobes

Catalase +
Alpha haemolysis (incomplete)
Beta haemolysis (complete)

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5
Q

Which staph is coagulase positive?

A

S. aureus
S. pseudintremedius
S. hyicus (mostly)

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6
Q

Which staph is coagulase negative?

A

S. epidermidis
S. hyicus (some)

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7
Q

Streptococcus

A

Gram pos cocci
Chains
Facultative anaerobes
Catalase neg
Alpha haemolysis (incomplete)
Beta haemolosis (complete)

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8
Q

Which Strep have long chain morphology (broth)

A

S. agalactiae
S. equi subsp equi

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9
Q

Which Strep have short chain morphology (broth)

A

S. uberis
powdery deposit

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10
Q

Strangles biochemistry

A

lactose (neg)
sorbitol (neg)
Trehalose (neg)

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11
Q

Actinomycetales

A

Gram pos rods
Aerobes, microaerophilic and
anaerobes
Rhodococcus equi (only sig nif one)

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12
Q

Rhodococcus equi (Actinomycetales)

A

coccobacillus
strict aerobe
acid = fast
catalase pos
urease neg
glucose ferm neg
nitrate = nitrite
salmon pink SBA colonies
CAMP +

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13
Q

Corynebacterium

A

Gram pos small rod
coryneform
club shaped
catalase pos
non acid fast

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14
Q

C. pseufotuberculosis (Corynebacterium)

A

facultative anaerobes
CAMP +
sensitive to penicillin

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15
Q

C. renale (Corynebacterium)

A

CAMP +
non haemolytic

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16
Q

Actinomyces bovis

A

Catalase neg
penicillin sensitive

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17
Q

Features of B. anthracis

A

– Gram + rods
– Large blunt ended rods
– Chains of rods
– Endospore forming
– Aerobic condition
– Central endospores
– Capsulated
– Susceptible to penicillin
Capsule and exotoxins

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18
Q

Genus: Clostridium

A

– Large Gram + rods
– Catalase –
– Some are motile
– Flagella
– Endospore forming
– Spores survive adverse environments
– Strict anaerobes
– Microaerophilic
– Enrichment cultures
– Love niches with low oxidation-
reduction (redox) potential
* Canned meat !!!
* Bruised muscle !!

– Gas production
– EXOTOXINS
– Saprophytes
– Gut commensals

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19
Q

Pseudomonas and Burkholderia genera

A

– Gram – rods
– Straight or slightly curved
– Medium sized
– Oxidase +
– Grow on MacConkey
– Strict aerobes
– Nitrate utilisation
– Motile
– Polar flagella
– Appearance and odour
– Widely distributed
– Soil and water
– Skin and mucous membranes

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20
Q

Order Chlamydiales

A

Aerosol spread

– Obligate intracellular Gram negative bacterium
– Have no peptidoglycan cell wall
* Trilaminar membrane containing lipopolysacchrides
and proteins
* Enveloped by disulphide cross-linked proteins
– Therefore stain poorly with Gram stain
– Prefer Giemsa (DiffQuik)
– Cannot grow them in the lab except in cell culture or
embryonated eggs
– Cell membrane and envelop proteins confer species and
type-specificity and may act as adhesins

21
Q

Moraxella

A

– Gram –
– Small, short rods
– Pairs
– Obligate aerobe
– Non motile
– Oxidase +
– Fastidious
– OBLIGATE PARASITE
– Mucous membranes
– Host specific

22
Q

Brucella

A

– Gram –
– Coccobacilli / short chains
– Strict aerobes
– up to 21 days to grow
– Non-motile
– Oxidase +
– Acid-fast staining
– Intracellular
– Reticuloendothelial system
– Adenine and guanine monophosphate
* Inhibit phagolysosomal fusion
* Inhibit myeloperoxidase-halide system
– OBLIGATE PARASITE
– Reproductive tract
– Biovars

23
Q

Foot rot

A

Fusobacterium necrophorum
* Gram negative rod
* Filamentous
* Obligate anaerobe
* Commensal of the alimentary tract and urogenital tract
– Associated with ‘lumpy jaw’ in kangaroos
* Found in the soil

Dichelobacter nodosus
* Previously known as Bacteroides nodosus
* Gram negative rod, large pleomorphic with terminal
enlargements (dumbbell shape)
* Obligate anaerobe
* OBLIGATE PARASITE of ruminant hooves
– The two work synergistically to cause foot rot

24
Q

Pasteurellaceae

A

– Gram negative small rods/coccobacilli
– Oxidase positive (mostly)
– Facultative anaerobes
– Non motile

Most commensals

25
Q

Actinobacillus

A

– Gram – short rods/coccobacilli
– Oxidase positive
– Facultative anaerobes
– Commensals
– Oral
– Respiratory tract
– Reproductive trac

*sticky colonies

26
Q

Pasteurella and Mannheimia

A

– Gram – short rods/coccobacilli
– Bipolar staining
– Facultative anaerobes
– Oxidase +
– +/- Growth on MacConkey
– Normal flora of the oral and upper respiratory
tract

27
Q

Salmonella

A

– Gram - ve, large rods
– Oxidase – ve
– Non-lactose fermenter
– XLD agar
– Most are motile
– Worldwide, obligate parasite of the GIT

28
Q

Genus Proteus

A

– Gram - ve, large rods, Oxidase – ve
– Non lactose fermenter
– VERY MOTILE !!!
– Peritrichous (all over the cell) flagella
– ‘Swarming’ colony morphology
– Opportunistic pathogen
– Urinary tract disease
* Cystitis

29
Q

Genus Yersinia

A

– Gram - ve, large rods,
– Oxidase – ve
– Bipolar or safety pin ends
– Non motile (no H antigen)
– Non lactose fermenter
– Maintained in carriers

30
Q

Enterobacteriaceae

A

– Oxidase negative
– Large Gram-negative rods
– Facultative anaerobes
– Saprophytes and obligate
parasites
– All Grow on MacConkey Aga

31
Q

Enterobacteriaceae lactose fermenters

A

– Escherichia
– Klebsiella
– Enterbacter
– Citrobacter
– Serratia

32
Q

Enterobacteriaceae non lactose fermenters

A

– Salmonella
– Yersinia
– Proteus
– Shigella

33
Q

Escherichia coli

A

– Gram negative rod
– Oxidase negative
– Lactose fermenter
– Usually, motile
– Peritrichous (all over the
cell) flagella
– Coliform
– Reside in the lower GIT

34
Q

Genus : Listeria

A

– Gram + rods
– Uniform shape
– Widely distributed in nature
– Commensals
– Saprophytes
– Wide temperature range

35
Q

L. monocytogenes

A

– Gram + rods
– Short regular
– Facultative anaerobes
– Motile
– Catalase +
– Hydrolyse aesculin
– CAMP +
– Narrow zone of b haemolysis
– Psychrotrophic

36
Q

Genus: Erysipelothrix

A

– Gram + short rods
– Some form filaments
– Non-motile
– E. rhusiopathiae is the most important
– Pigs
– Septiacemia
* Diamond skin disease
– Zoonosis

37
Q

Features of E. rhusiopathiae

A

– Gram + rods
– Short regular (smooth)
– Filament form (rough)
* Bottle brush appearance in nutrient gelatin slabs
– Facultative anaerobes
– Catalase -
– Pin point colonies
– a haemolysis

38
Q

Herpesviridae

A

-Large 200-250 nm
-Icosahedral
internal symmetry
-dsDNA

Abortion in horses (EHV1)

39
Q

Family Picornaviridae

A

– Positive sense single stranded RNA
– Go straight into proteins synthesis once in
cell
– Cycle of replication is FAST !!
– Cytoplasm
– Prone to frequent mutation (RNA viruses)

– NON - ENVELOPED
– STABLE IN THE ENVIRONMENT !
* Variation in their pH stability between viruses in the
family
* Only certain disinfectants are suitable for use against
a given virus
– Relatively heat stable
* Especially if shielded by organic material
– Cytolytic
– Icosahedral

Hand foot and mouth
AEV

notifiable disease –> PCR and ELIZA

40
Q

Family Caliciviridae

A

– Small (25-40 mm in diameter)
– Positive- sense single stranded RNA
virus
– +ssRNA virus
– NON-ENVELOPED
– Icosahedral symmetry
– Stable in the environment
– RESISTANT
– Heat and detergents
– Moderately pH stable
* Inactivated under acidic conditions (pH<3)
– Replicate rapidly in cytoplasm
– Cell lysis = CYTOLYTIC

RHDV

41
Q

Family Coronaviridae

A

– Large (120-160 nm diameter)
– Pleomorphic
– Spherical, disc, kidney, rod-shape
– Positive-sense single stranded RNA virus
– +ssRNA virus
– Genetic recombination between related
coronavirus
– Genetic diversity ✓
– ENVELOPED
– Cytoplasmic replication
– Can survive 3-4 weeks in the environment
– Sensitive to heat, lipid solvents, detergents etc.

42
Q

Family Flaviviridae

A

– Positive sense single stranded RNA
– Replicate in the Cytoplasm
* Released by exocytosis
– ENVELOPED
* Tightly adherent envelop associated with icosahedral capsids
* Unstable (labile) in the environment
* Easily inactivated by:
– Heat
– Common disinfectants

JE
WNV
KUN
BVDV

43
Q

Family Togaviridae

A

Positive sense single stranded RNA
– Replicate in the cytoplasm
* Budding
– ENVELOPED (‘Toga’ or gown)
* Glycoprotein envelop associated
with icosahedral capsids
* Unstable (labile) in the environment
* Easily inactivated by:
– Heat
– Common disinfectants
– Lipid solvents

EEE
WEE
VEE
RR

44
Q

Family Reoviridae

A

– Non-enveloped, icosahedral
– Moderate resistant to heat, solvents and
detergents
– Double-strained RNA (dsRNA)
– Replicates in the cytoplasm
– Virions released by cell lysis
– Segmented genome
– 10-12 segments
– Genetic re-assortment

BT (orbivirus)
rotavirus

45
Q

Orthomyxoviridae

A

– Influenza viruses
– Negative sense single stranded RNA (-ssRNA)
– Replicate in the nucleus
* Released from the cells by budding
– ENVELOPED
– Two major glycoproteins
– Haemagglutinin (H or HA)
* Allow virus to attach to respiratory epithelium
* Bind RBC useful in diagnostic assays
* Changes in H gene are very important
* Greatest ANTIGENIC CONSEQUENCE
– SHIFT (pandemics = worldwide) and DRIFT (epidemics = local populations)
* 16 haemagglutinin types
– Neuraminidase (N or NA)

Very fragile
Very prone to mutations

INFLUENZA

46
Q

Paramyxoviridae

A

– Negative sense single stranded RNA
– Non segmented
– Replicate in the cytoplasm
* Released from the cells by budding
– ENVELOPED
– Two major glycoproteins ‘spikes’
– Attachment proteins
* Haemagglutinin-Neuraminidase protein
(HN)
* Proteins without neuramindase activity
(G)
* Allow virus to bind to host cell
– Fusion proteins (F)
* Causes the virus envelop to fuse with the
host cell
– Pleomorphic shape
– Glycoproteins DO not mutate as readily
as influenza
– Spread by respiratory or
ocular discharge
– Contagious
– Very fragile in
environment
– Environmentally labile
– Cell mediated immunity is
important
– Some produce cell-
associated viraemia

HENDRA
Nipah

47
Q

Rhabdoviridae

A

– Negative sense single stranded RNA
– Non segmented genome
– Replicate in the cytoplasm
* Viral factory known as a Negri body
– Cytoplasmic inclusion body
* Released from the cells by budding
– ENVELOPED
– Glycoprotein spikes
– G proteins
* Interacts with host cell receptors to
facilitate endocytosis of the virion
* Induces virus-neutralising antibody
– Cross-reactivity between some
strains !!
* Induces cell-mediated immunity
– Fragile in the environment
– Environmentally labile
– Sensitive to light and drying
– Survives well in dark places
especially at low temperature
* CAVES !!!!!!
– Have a unique bullet shaped
appearance

RABIES
BAT LYSSAVIRUS

48
Q

Family Retroviridae

A

– Enveloped, +ssRNA
– Diploid (two linear strands)
– Icosahedral capsid
– Budding
* Acquires envelop from plasma
membrane of host cell
– Very labile (fragile)
– Inactivated by lipid solvents, detergents,
soaps, heating at 56⁰C for 30 minutes and
drying.
– Mutation and recombination occurs with
high frequency.

CAN CAUSE CANCER
FIV
MADCOWDISEASE

AVBS3001 (5 decks)

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