Catecholamines Flashcards

1
Q

What are drugs in the category of catecholamines?

A
Norepinephrine
Epinephrine
Isoproterenol
Dopamine
Dobutamine
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2
Q

What are the steps of NE synthesis?

A

Tyrosine –> DOPA by Tyrosine hydroxylase (rate limiting)
DOPA –> Dopamine by DOPA decarboxylase
Dopamine –> NE within the storage vesicle by Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase

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3
Q

What are contained in the storage vesicles of adrenergic nerves?

A
NE
Dopamine-beta-hydroxylase
ATP
Neuropeptide Y
Chromogranins
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4
Q

What is the transporter that takes up dopamine into vesicle and what drug inhibits it?

A

VMAT2

Inhibited by Reserpine

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5
Q

What is the enzyme in the adrenal medulla that methylates NE to EPI?

A

Phenylethanolamine-N-methyltransferase (PNMT)

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6
Q

What is the transporter that reuptakes NE back into presynaptic terminal and what drug inhibits it?

A
NE transporter (NET)
Inhibited by cocaine
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7
Q

What are ways that the adrenergic receptors are regulated?

A

Desensitization
Sequestration
Down-regulation

All of these occur with prolonged activation.

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8
Q

What is the chaperone protein in the down-regulation and desensitization of beta-adrenergic receptors?

A

Beta-arrestin

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9
Q

What are the two enzymes involved in NE and EPI metabolism?

A

COMT

MAO

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10
Q

What are the intermediate metabolites produced in the adrenalmedullary pathway?

A

Metanephrine and normetanephrine

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11
Q

What are the final metabolites of NE and EPI metabolism?

A

MHPG and VMA

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12
Q

What are elevated free metanephrines in plasma diagnostic of?

A

Pheochromocytoma and CA-secreting paragangliomas

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13
Q

Which catecholamines have a higher affinity for alpha receptors?

A

EPI and NE&raquo_space; ISO

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14
Q

When comparing EPI and NE, which has a higher affinity for Beta2 receptors?

A

EPI&raquo_space; NE for Beta2 receptors

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15
Q

When comparing EPI and NE, which has a higher affinity for Beta1 receptors?

A

EPI = NE for Beta1 receptors

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16
Q

What receptors in NE selective for?

A

Alpha1 and Alpha2

Beta1 and Beta3

17
Q

What receptors is EPI selective for?

A

Alpha1 and Alpha2

Beta1 and Beta2

18
Q

What receptors is ISO selective for?

A

Beta 1, 2, 3

19
Q

What receptors is dopamine selective for?

A

Beta1 and D1

20
Q

What receptors is dobutamine selective for?

A

Beta1

21
Q

How does Beta1 receptor activation impact pacemaker rate?

A

Increases pacemaker rate

22
Q

How does Beta1 receptor activation impact automaticity?

A

Increases automaticity

  • Recruit latent pacemaker cells
  • Shift pacemaker locus, can result in ectopic pacemaker and arrhythmia
23
Q

How does Beta1 receptor activation imact action potnetial and conduction velocity in nonpacemaker fibers?

A

shortened AP and increased conduction velocity

24
Q

How does Beta1 receptor activation impact atria and ventricles?

A
Increased contractility, increased O2 consumption
Shortened systole (faster repolarization)
25
Q

Stimulation of Alpha1 and 2 receptors in blood vessels will result in _____?

A

Vasoconstriction

26
Q

Stimulation of dopamine receptors in renal vascular beds will result in ______?

A

Vasodilation

27
Q

Stimulation of Beta2 receptors in muscle and liver vascular beds will result in _____?

A

Vasodilation

28
Q

Why does infusion of NE cause a decreased heart rate?

A

NE has little effect on Beta2 receptors and therefore almost exclusively constricts vasculature

Increased TPR = increased BP = activated baroreceptor vagal reflex = decreased HR

29
Q

Why does infusion of epinephrine cause a slight decrease in TPR?

A

At low doses, EPI has more effect on Beta2 than Alpha receptors
Hence the vasodilation of vascular beds in muscle and liver due to Beta2 receptors overrides the vasoconstriction of vessels due to Alpha receptors
Slightly more vasodilation = slightly decreased TPR

30
Q

Why does infusion of isoproterenol cause a dramatic decrease in TPR?

A

ISO is beta selective, will cause vasodilation

31
Q

What are clinical uses of EPI?

A
Anaphylactic shock (increases cardiac output and BP, relaxes laryngeal and bronchial smooth muscle, stabilizes mast cells)
Hypotension (short term vasopressor effect e.g. during surgery)
Decongestion (reduces swelling of mucosa)
32
Q

What are clinical uses of NE?

A

Hypotension (short term vasopressor effect e.g. during surgery)
Decongestion (reduces swelling of mucosa)

33
Q

What are clinical uses of Dopamine?

A

Maintain urine production via renal vasodilation

34
Q

What are clinical uses of Dobutamine?

A

Selectively increases cardiac output, can be used in heart failure

35
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on blood glucose?

A

Causes hyperglycemia

  • Beta1 receptors - increase lipolysis and FFA
  • Beta2 receptors - increase muscle glycogenolysis
  • Alpha2 receptors - decrease secretion of insulin by pancreatic beta cells
36
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on K+ levels?

A
Transient hyperkalemia (due to release of K+ from liver)
Followed by sustained hypokalema (potentiation of Na/K pump in skeletal muscle)
37
Q

What effect does epinephrine have on tonic skeletal muscle?

A

Tremor

EPI reduces contraction time –> shorter contraction –> incomplete fusion –> increased tremor

38
Q

Can adrenergic receptor stimulation cause salivary secretion and sweating?

A

Yes, stimulates alpha 1 receptor

Produces a much more viscous secretion than with the usual cholinergic stimulation