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RUSVM SAM I Summer 2019 > Cat Flu and Vaccinations (Rolph) > Flashcards

Cat Flu and Vaccinations (Rolph) Flashcards

1
Q

What are the etiologies of the cat flu?

A
  • Feline Herpes Virus type 1 (FHV-1)**
  • Feline Calici Virus (FCV)**
  • Other viruses, e.g. FCoV, reovirus
  • Bordetella bronchiseptica
  • Mycoplasma felis
  • Chlamydophila felis
  • Pasturella spp.
  • Streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus
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2
Q

What’s the significance of cat flu?

A
  • Second leading cause of euthanasia in shelters

- Most common infectious COD in kittens between 1-14 days old (mainly herpes but calicivirus)

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3
Q

What is calicivirus?

A

Small, single-stranded positive sense RNA virus

  • One serotype
  • Many different strains (different antigenicity and cross reactivity → important for vaccines)
  • High genomic plasticity (virus constantly mutating)
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4
Q

What does calicivirus cause?

A
  • Upper respiratory tract disease
    • Oral Vesicular Disease
  • Gingivostomatitis
  • Limping Syndrome
  • Fading Kittens
  • Viral Systemic Disease
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5
Q

How is the calicivirus infection spread?

A
  • Aerosolization
  • Direct contact
  • Fomites (pens, computer keyboards, stethoscopes, etc.)
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6
Q

How long does calicivirus survive in the environment?

A

8-10 (→ 28) days

- Can survive longer in proper conditions

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7
Q

How many cats are shedding calicivirus?

A

Evades immune systems (can be long-term)

  • 100% at 30 days
  • 50% at 75 days
  • 25% become ‘carrier cats’
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8
Q

What are clinical signs associated with calicivirus?

A
  • Oral ulceration (typically on tongue margin, take 2-3 weeks to heal)
  • Pyrexia
  • Excessive salivation
  • Sneezing, nasal discharge
  • Conjunctivitis
  • Coughing (pulmonary lesions rare; focal alveolitis and acute exudative pneumonia → LRT problems)
  • Lameness (acute synovitis)
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9
Q

When can acute synovitis be seen?

A

Joints affected

- Seen from vaccinations because some vaccines have live strains

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10
Q

What is feline herpesvirus?

A

Double-stranded DNA virus

  • Glycoprotein-lipid envelope
  • Little strain variation
  • Fragile: easily destroyed in environment
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11
Q

What does herpesvirus cause?

A
  • Upper Respiratory Tract Disease
  • Conjunctivitis/Keratitis (also ocular lesions)
  • Chronic sinusitis
  • Glossitis
  • Neonatal disease, abortion
  • Ulcerative crusting dermatitis
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12
Q

Describe the shedding of Feline Herpesvirus.

A

Shedding from day 1 for 14 weeks

- Oral, nasal, or conjunctival infection

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13
Q

Where does herpesvirus viral replication take place?

A

Virus replication and necrosis occurs w/n the nasal turbinates, nasopharynx, and conjunctival mucosa
- Mucous membrane replication → necrosis

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14
Q

How many cats become carriers of herpesvirus?

A

80% following infection (w/ 45% spontaneously reactivating)

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15
Q

Where is herpesvirus latent?

A

Latent w/n the trigeminal ganglion

- There until stress, illness, certain drugs, pregnancy, etc. until triggered → quickly show clinical signs

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16
Q

What are the clinical signs of feline herpesvirus?

A
  • Pyrexia
  • Sneezing/nasal discharge
  • Conjunctivitis (uni- or bi-lateral)
  • Uveitis (secondary)
  • Cough/dyspnea
  • Occasional oral ulceration
  • Dermatitis possible (around eyes, nose)
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17
Q

What is Bordetella associated with and what is the percentage of organism isolation?

A

Organism isolation in 3.5-11% of cats

- Disease associated with rescue facilities, increased numbers of cats in household, and contact w/ infected dogs

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18
Q

What is Bordetella?

A

Gram-negative coccobacillus

  • Affects dogs, pigs, rabbits, cats, humans
  • Can act as primary respiratory pathogen or secondary to viral respiratory disease
  • Cats can become persistently affected and shed bacteria
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19
Q

How is Bordetella acting as a primary respiratory pathogen or secondary to viral respiratory disease?

A 
Cilia affected (can't beat normally)
- Often has concurrent pathogen (hard to tell which appeared first)
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20
Q

How is Bordetella transmitted?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Aerosolization
  • Fomites
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21
Q

How does Bordetella do in the environment?

A

Does not survive well in the environment

- Killed by extremes of temperature, pH

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22
Q

What are the clinical signs of Bordetella?

A

Respiratory disease

  • Sneezing
  • Pyrexia
  • Oculonasal discharge
  • Lymphadenopathy
  • Coughing (less marked than in dogs)
  • Occasionally: cyanosis, dyspnea, death
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23
Q

What is Chlamydophila?

A
  • Obligate intracellular bacteria
  • Gram-negative characteristics
  • Carrier state
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24
Q

What are the clinical signs of chlamydophilia?

A

Conjunctivitis (30% of cases)

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25
Q

How do you diagnose chlamydophilia?

A
  • Corneal/oropharangeal/nasal swabs
  • PCR
  • Intranuclear inclusion bodies
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26
Q

What are some bacterial causes of cat flu?

A
  • Mycoplasma

- Pasteurella

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27
Q

What is mycoplasma and how do you diagnose it?

A
  • Common respiratory pathogen
  • Disease association unclear
  • Asthma-like signs; may worsen them
  • Diagnosis: PCR
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28
Q

What is pasteurella?

A
  • Unknown significance regarding cat flu

- Wide spectrum of antibiotic sensitivity

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29
Q

How do you diagnose cat flu and its various etiologies?

A

Isolation + culture or PCR

  • Plain eye swab: FHV-1 + C. felis PCR
  • Plain mouth swab: FHV-1
  • Mouth swab in VTM: FCV
  • FHV-1: intermittent shedding
  • FCV: wild strain/pathogenic?
  • Bacteriology: e.g. Bordetella, Mycoplasma
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30
Q

What’s the role of serology with the cat flu and its etiologies?

A

Limited value as usually vaccinated

- If unvaccinated, only tells if they have antibodies to those organisms (can’t help w/ Herpes)

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31
Q

What’s some nutritional and fluid support for cat flu?

A
  • Warmed food (sardines, tomato sauce, A/D, hot water)
  • Esophageal feeding tubes
  • ? appetite stimulants (mirtazepine - mild)
  • IV/IO fluids
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32
Q

What are some treatments for cat flu?

A
  • Nutritional and fluid support
  • Supportive care (cleaning nose, eyes)
  • Multivitamins (esp. B vitamins [water-soluble, lose quickly]; anorexia can lead to deficiencies)
  • Ocular anti-inflammatory drugs (ocufen, ketorolac)
  • Mucolytics/decongestants (can make move to LRT)
  • Nebulization (break up mucus)
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33
Q

What is immuno-modulation treatment?

A
  • Interferon therapy (expensive, may be beneficial

- Used w/ calicivirus

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34
Q

What is treatment specific to herpesvirus?

A
  • Famcycovir (low mortality, morbidity)

- L-lysine (helps at high, hurts at low)

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35
Q

What is antibiotic treatment used for regarding cat flu?

A

Frequent secondary bacterial infections (broad spectrum antibiotics)
- B. bronchoseptica (culture, sensitivity), C. felis, Mycoplasma

36
Q

What is the antibiotic treatment for cat flu?

A
  • Doxycycline/oxytetracycline (esophagitis, tooth discoloration)
  • Fluoroquinolones (retinpathies)
  • Azithromycin
37
Q

How can cattery control help with cat flu?

A

Address infectious + non-infectious causes

  • Decreased stocking density + group size
  • Increase air flow
  • Sneeze barriers
  • Disinfection (1:32 bleach; wash hands, not sanitizer)
  • Quarantine (3 weeks)
  • Isolation kittening + weaning
  • Stop breeding
  • Vaccination
38
Q

How long do maternally derived antibodies protect against FHV-1 last?

A

2-10 weeks

39
Q

How long do maternally derived antibodies protect against FCV?

A

10-14 weeks

40
Q

When should you vaccinate kittens if maternally derived antibodies are poor?

A

Before 8 weeks

41
Q

When should you vaccinate kittens with persistent maternally derived antibodies?

A

+16 weeks

- Vaccinate later for FCV

42
Q

What immunity does the cat flu vaccination provide?

A

No sterilizing immunity

  • Only protect against clinical signs (NOT INFECTION)
  • No change in FCV prevalence since vaccination (10-40%)
43
Q

Compare live versus inactivated vaccines.

A

Live vaccines

  • → clinical signs of disease
  • Persist in colony w/ potential to mutate → pathogenic

Inactivated vaccines

  • May need adjuvant (risk of sarcoma)
  • Less effective (especially w/ high maternally-derived antibodies?)
44
Q

What vaccine type do you use with FPV (Feline Panleukopenia Virus)?

A

Live vaccine

45
Q

What vaccine type do you use with FHV-1?

A

Inactivated

- Gives better levels earlier

46
Q

What vaccine type do you use with FCV?

A

Inactivated

  • Less seropositive over time but not as effective as modified live
  • Safer for patients
47
Q

What is parvovirus?

A

CPV2 and FPV (panleukopenia or parvo = same thing)

  • Highly contagious (dogs can infect cats)
  • Rapidly fatal in puppies, kittens w/o treatment
  • Attacks rapidly dividing cells (GI, BM, LN ± myocardium)
48
Q

When does parvovirus/panleukopenia virus disease occur?

A

W/n 4-7 days of infection

49
Q

How long can shedding occur in parvovirus/panleukopenia virus?

A

Can occur up to 10 days after clinical signs (diarrhea, severe volume depletion)

50
Q

What is survival like with treatment of parvo/panleukopenia virus?

A

85-95%

51
Q

How do you diagnose parvo/panleukopenia virus?

A
  • Assess BM → pancytopenia
  • Monitor biochemistry: hypoproteinemia/hypoglycemia, electrolyte abnormalities
  • Testing: Antigen/ELISA (use dogs SNAP test on cats too)
52
Q

What do you do if the Antigen/ELISA tests negative with parvo/panleukopenia virus?

A

Repeat after 48 hours

- If recently vaccinated, consider confirmatory test (RT-PCR)

53
Q

How do you treat parvo/panleukopenia virus?

A

As for Acute Gastroenteritis

  • Interferon
  • Granulocyte CSF
  • Transfusion
  • Hyperimmune plasma (plasma from recently well case)
54
Q

What are the complications that can result from parvo/panleukopenia virus?

A
  • Sepsis (due to BM suppression)
  • DIC
  • Intussusception
55
Q

How can an in utero or pre-development of cerebellum panleukopenia infection affect the fetus?

A

Can result in cerebellar hypoplasia

- → lifelong neurological signs

56
Q

What are the disadvantages to FCV vaccination?

A
  • Does NOT protect against infection or development of carrier state
  • Based on whole viral antigens
  • Side effects more common w/ modified life or IN vaccines
57
Q

What does FCV vaccination depend on?

A
  • Strain used (cross-reactivity, similar to field isolates)
  • Monovalent/bivalent
  • Modified live/inactivated
  • Adjuvanted/non-adjuvanted
58
Q

Are FPV/FHV-1 and FHV-1/FCV core vaccinations in cats ajd what types are there?

A

YES!

  • Injectable (MLV, non-adjuvanted; Killed, adjuvanted; killed, non-adjuvanted)
  • Intranasal (MLV, non-adjuvanted)
59
Q

What are the kitten vaccine protocols for FPV/FHV-1 and FHV-1/FCV?

A

Primary kitten series (≤ 16 wks.)

  • Begin as early as 6 wks. old, then every 3-4 weeks until 16 weeks old
  • Protecting kittens w/ long levels of MDA
60
Q

What are the adolescent/adult vaccine protocols for FPV/FHV-1 and FHV-1/FCV?

A

Primary Adult Series (≥ 16 wks.)

- 2 doses, 3-4 weeks apart

61
Q

What is the booster protocol for FPV/FHV-1 and FHV-1/FCV?

A
  • Single dose given 1 year following the last dose of the initial series (~16 mos. for kittens)
  • Then, no more frequently than every 3 years
62
Q

What are some stipulations to the FPV/FHV-1 and FHV-1/FCV vaccines?

A
  • Killed vaccines preferred for use in pregnant cats (if absolutely necessary), FeLV and/or FIV infected cats (especially those showing evidence of immunosuppression)
  • Killed panleukopenia vaccines should be used in kittens < 4 weeks old
  • All kittens and cats should receive AT LEAST ONE injectable panleukopenia injection
63
Q

Is the Bordetella vaccine core or non-core and what are its properties?

A

Non-core

  • Avirulent live, non-adjuvanted
  • Intranasal
64
Q

What is the Bordetella vaccine?

A

Live-attenuated, IN vaccine

  • Can invoke clinical signs
  • Fimbrial antigen-based SQ vaccine available in Europe
  • Pregnant queens should NOT be vaccinates
65
Q

What is the primary kitten series for Bordetella vaccine?

A

Administer a single dose intranasally as early as 8 wks old

66
Q

What is the primary adolescent/adult series for Bordetella vaccine?

A

Administer a single dose intranasally

67
Q

What is the booster protocol for Bordetella vaccine?

A

Annual booster indicated for cats w/ sustained risk

68
Q

What are the stipulations regarding the Bordetella vaccine?

A
  • Vaccination may be considered in cases where cats are likely to be at specific risk of infection
  • Do NOT give the vaccine parenterally (may cause severe adverse reaction that can be fatal)
69
Q

What is the Chlamydophila vaccine and its properties?

A

Vaccine available for ‘at-risk’ (breeding, catteries) cases (non-core)

  • Avirulent live, non-adjuvanted
  • Killed, adjuvanted
  • Injectable
70
Q

What is the primary kitten series for the Chlamydophila vaccine?

A

Administer the initial dose as early as 9 wks old

- A second dose is administered 3-4 weeks later

71
Q

What is the primary adolescent/adult series for the Chlamydophila vaccine?

A

Administer 2 doses, 3-4 weeks apart

72
Q

What is the booster protocol for the Chlamydophila vaccine?

A

Annual booster indicated for cats with sustained exposure risk

73
Q

What are the stipulations for the Chlamydophila vaccine?

A
  • Vaccination reserved as part of a control regime for cats in multiple-cat environments where infections associated w/ clinical disease have been confirmed
  • Inadvertent conjunctival inoculation of vaccine has been reported to cause clinical signs of infection
74
Q

What is VS-FCV?

A

Severe systemic hemorrhagic-fever like vascular systemic disease

  • Seen in vaccinated cats
  • Different strains in all reported cases
75
Q

What is the incubation period of VS-FCV?

A

1-5 days

76
Q

What’s the mortality rate and time to death of VS-FVC?

A

> 50%

- TTD: 4- days, occasionally more

77
Q

Are adults or kittens more affected by VS-FCV?

A

Adults > kittens (may show typical ‘flu’)

- Sentinel, also usually recover

78
Q

What are some clinical signs of VS-FCV?

A
  • Anorexia, lethargy, depression
  • Pyrexia
  • SQ edema/ulcerative dermatitis (peripheral vasculitis): nose, lips, pinnae, ~eyes, distal limbs; fluid ooze (>50%)
    • Crunchy skin, edematous, swollen
  • Mouth ulcers
  • Nasal discharge
79
Q

What is the pathology of VS-FCV?

A
  • Blood: ↓ protein, ↑ total bilirubin, ↑ creatinine kinase
  • ↑ Neutrophils, ↓ lymphocytes, non-regenerative anemia, severe coagulopathy
  • Peripheral + systemic vasculitis
80
Q

What presents on necropsy of VS-FCV?

A

Per clinical signs:

  • Severe pancreatitis
  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Hepatocellular, lymphoid, and splenic necrosis
81
Q

How do you diagnose VS-FCV?

A
  • Epidemiology (# of in-contact cats w/ clinical signs)
  • Isolation + culture (FCV wild strain/pathogenic?)
    • All have different genetic sequences
  • Serology: limited value as usually vaccinated
  • PM exam: immunohistochemistry for FCV
82
Q

What is the epidemiology of VS-FCV?

A
  • Cat from rescue center immediately before outbreak
  • Disease spreads rapidly (practice, shelter, home)
  • Crowded, high stress environments (↑ FCV biodiversity)
    • Different strains → sequential re-infection
    • Persistent infections → progressive evolution
    • Multiple infections → viral recombination
      (↑ non-neutralizing immunity)
    • → selects highly contagious + virulent strains
  • Same population: matched immune response → little disease
  • New population: → VS-FCV
  • VS-FCV: ↑ viral pathogenicity + altered cell tropism (invasion of epithelium + endothelium), altered host cytokine response
83
Q

How do you control a VS-FCV infection?

A

Infection spreads easily: infected cats

  • Asymptomatic carriers, cat handlers, fomites
  • Outbreaks have been self-limiting (<100 cats, < 2 mos.)
84
Q

How is VS-FCV managed?

A

All suspicious cases:

  • Handle w/ strict hygienic + quarantine ideally NOT in vet practice
  • Keep in isolation until stopped shedding virus
  • Trace all in-contact cats + quarantine all potential cases
85
Q

How is VS-FCV treated?

A
  • ? High dose interferon, IV fluids, antibiotics, analgesia, corticosteroids?
  • ? Oseltamivir (Tamiflu)
86
Q

What are the details regarding VS-FCV vaccination?

A

Routine FCV vaccination does not protect F9, 255

  • FCV-VSD vaccine?
    • Merial Purevax (G1+431) → protection against EU VS-FCV → ↓ clinical scores
    • Fort Dodge (2280) → no protection against EU VS-FCV
    • Fort Dodge (255 + DD1) → protection against EU + US VS-FCV (67% neutralization US + EU strains)
    • BI Calicvax → protection against EU VS-FCV

RUSVM SAM I Summer 2019 (6 decks)

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