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CAT Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

Functions of integumentary system

A

Thermoregulation

Protection against foreign bodies

Protection against mechanical damage and solar radiation

Energy storage

Production of Vitamin D

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2
Q

When do the arterioles in the skin dilate?

A

When body temperature is too high

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3
Q

Give two places where heat receptors can be found

A

Skin and blood vessels

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4
Q

The heat receptors send impulses to the…

A

Hypothalamus

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5
Q

Name the coordinator for thermoregulation

A

Hypothalamus

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6
Q

How is athletes foot treated?

A

Anti-fungal powder

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7
Q

How does the skin protect against foreign bodies

A

The skin covers almost all parts of the body to prevent infection from pathogens

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8
Q

Name the type of pathogen that causes athletes foot

A

Dermatophytes (fungi)

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9
Q

How is athletes foot spread from person to person?

A

Spread through contact with an infected person or from contact with contaminated surfaces, such as towels, floors and shoes

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10
Q

Give three ways in which heat loss from the skin can be reduced

A

Vasoconstriction
Hairs raised
Shivering
Reduce amount of sweat released

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11
Q

Vitamin produced in the skin

A

Vitamin D

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12
Q

Deficiency disease caused by lack of vitamin D

A

Rickets

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13
Q

Why does the skin produce sweat?

A

Thermoregulation
Increases heat loss from the body

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14
Q

Give three ways in which the skin can increase the loss of heat from the body

A

Vasodilation
More sweat produced
Lower hairs

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15
Q

Which muscle raises and lowers hairs

A

Erector muscle

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16
Q

Name three chemicals found in sweat

A

Water
Salt
Urea

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17
Q

Name two ways in which red blood cells can be classified

A

ABO blood groups
Rhesus blood groups

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18
Q

Proteins and lipids in membranes can be glycosylated meaning…

A

A carbohydrate is covalently attached

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19
Q

Name two steroids

A

Oestrogen
Progesterone

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20
Q

Give three functions of lipids in humans

A

Energy store
Membranes
Insulation

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21
Q

Define active transport

A

The movement of molecules and ions through a cell membrane from a region of lower concentration to a region of higher concentration using energy from respiration

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22
Q

What are the two proteins in a cell membrane which allow polar molecules to enter?

A

Channel proteins
Carrier proteins

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23
Q

Name the components of a cell surface membrane

A

Phospholipid bilayer
Channel and carrier proteins
Cholesterol
Antigens

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24
Q

Define osmosis

A

Net movement of water from a high water potential to a lower water potential through a selectively permeable membrane

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25
Q

Why is the term fluid mosaic used to describe the model for membrane structure?

A

Fluid- phospholipid move within the membrane
Mosaic- proteins form blocks on the surface of the membrane

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26
Q

Name two carbohydrate containing chemicals found in cell membranes

A

Glycoproteins and glycolipids

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27
Q

What effect does cholesterol have on the fluidity of the membrane?

A

Reduces the fluidity of phospholipids in the membrane

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28
Q

How can the structure of the membrane be changed to make the diffusion of water soluble molecules more rapid?

A

Increase the number of channel proteins and the surface area

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29
Q

What is the function of the carbohydrates found on the outer surface of the membrane?

A

Antigens

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30
Q

How many types of molecule can each carrier protein transport?

A

One

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31
Q

What part of the phospholipid is hydrophobic?

A

Fatty acid tail

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32
Q

Protein molecules found on the surface of the cell membrane are called…

A

Extrinsic proteins

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33
Q

Give two differences between a triglyceride and a phospholipid

A

Phospholipids contain a phosphate and triglycerides don’t
Phospholipids have two fatty acids whereas triglycerides have three fatty acids

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34
Q

What are the functions of glycoproteins in the cell surface membrane?

A

They enable cells to recognize another cell as familiar or foreign, which is called cell-cell recognition. They also help cells attach to and bind other cells, which is called cell adhesion.

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35
Q

Describe how a peak flow test is carried out

A

Set to 0 then patient creates an airtight seal around disposable mouthpiece and blows hard against paddle

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36
Q

Give the units used in measuring peak flow

A

dm3min-1

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37
Q

What does a pulse oximeter measure?

A

Measures oxygen concentration in blood

38
Q

Give the normal adult score for peak flow

A

400-700 dm3min-1

39
Q

Describe how alveolus are destroyed in emphysema

A

cigarette smoke stimulates white
blood cells to release protein-digesting enzymes that
gradually break down the walls of the alveoli leaving
large open spaces.

40
Q

What does peak flow measure?

A

Maximum rate of airflow that is blown out of the lungs during forced exhalation

41
Q

What is the biggest cause of emphysema

A

Smoking tobacco

42
Q

Give the symptoms of emphysema

A

Shortness of breath, shallow or rapid breathing, chronic cough, bluish skin colouration
Reduced oxygen intake

43
Q

Which lung disease results in a loss of surface area of alveoli?

A

Emphysema

44
Q

Which respiratory disease causes the epithelium of the alveoli to thicken?

A

Pulmonary fibrosis

45
Q

Which occupations increase the likelihood of developing pulmonary fibrosis?

A

Mining, quarrying

46
Q

How is TB treated?

A

4-6 months of antibiotics

47
Q

Why is TB more common in developing countries or poor living conditions?

A

Live in close quarters, more likely to spread between those who live together

48
Q

How does TB affect the lungs?

A

Causes necrosis of infected tissues which makes large cavities and scar tissue which reduce the surface for gas exchange

49
Q

Symptoms of TB

A

Night sweats, fever, chills, fatigue, weigh loss, no appetite, cough, chest pain, and coughing blood or sputum

50
Q

Give the symptoms of pulmonary fibrosis

A

Shortness of breath, chronic dry cough, pain in chest, weakness and fatigue

51
Q

How is TB spread from person to person?

A

Inhaling droplets from cough/sneeze of infected person which contain the bacterium

52
Q

What causes asthma?

A

Localised allergic reaction triggered by allergens such as pollen and smoke or exercise, cold, anxiety, stress
Genetic

53
Q

Cause of TB

A

Bacterium called mycobacterium tuberculosis

54
Q

What happens in an asthma attack?

A

The muscle tissue in the walls of the bronchi and
bronchioles contracts, reducing the diameter of the
airway
* The epithelial cells lining the walls secrete larger
quantities of mucus than normal, this obstructs the thinner
tubes.
* Mast cells secrete a chemical called histamine which
makes the linings inflamed and swollen.
* Blood vessels dilate and become more ‘leaky’. Fluid leaves
the capillaries and enters the airways. This allows white
blood cells to move to the tissue where they respond to
the ‘invaders’.
*The muscle surrounding the bronchioles contracts

55
Q

How is asthma treated?

A

Bronchodilators relax the muscles in the bronchial walls, so they open (relievers, blue)
Inhale corticosteroids to reduce inflammation (preventers, brown)
Both taken as inhalers

56
Q

Which physiological test is used to diagnose/assess asthma?

A

Peak flow

57
Q

What are the symptoms of asthma?

A

Difficulty breathing, wheezing sound when breathing, tight feeling in chest, coughing

58
Q

What is the function of the pleural fluid?

A

Keeps the pleura moist and helps the layers of tissue glide smoothly over each other as you breathe

59
Q

Why do asthmatics find it difficult to breathe?

A

The constriction of the
bronchi and bronchioles, their inflamed linings and the
additional fluid and mucus within them.

60
Q

Which lung diseases can spirometry be used to test for?

A

Asthma, pulmonary fibrosis, cystic fibrosis and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

61
Q

How is a spirometry test carried out?

A

Patients breathes in and out of chamber containing soda lime which causes the lid floating on water to move up and down

62
Q

Equation for pulmonary ventilation

A

Tidal volume (dm3) * expiration rate (min-1)

63
Q

What is spirometry used to measure?

A

A measurement of the volume and speed of
inhalation and exhalation

64
Q

How is a step concentration gradient maintained at the gas exchange surface?

A

Lungs continuously ventilated
High conc. of oxygen in alveoli
Blood with little oxygen continuously supplied to alveoli

65
Q

What type of chemical is the pulmonary surfactant?

A

Phospholipid

66
Q

Name the cells that produce mucus in the respiratory system

A

Goblet cells

67
Q

What is the function of the mucus in the respiratory system?

A

Traps pathogens in the air

68
Q

What is the function of the pleural membrane?

A

Surrounds the lungs and contains pleural fluid

69
Q

What is the role of the C-shaped cartilage rings in the trachea?

A

Keeps the trachea open

70
Q

What is the function of the cilia?

A

Waft the mucus upwards towards the top of the trachea

71
Q

What are the bacterial scavengers in the trachea and bronchioles called?

A

Macrophages

72
Q

Process of expiration

A

Diaphragm relaxes and becomes domed
Intercostal muscles relax
Rib cage moves down and in
Volume of the borax decreases
Pressure in thorax increases
Air is forced out of the lungs

73
Q

Process of inspiration

A

Diaphragm contracts and moves downward
External intercostal muscles contract
Rib cage moves up and down
Increases volume of the thorax
Decreases pressure in the thorax
Air moves into the lungs

74
Q

What is the function of the pulmonary surfactant

A

Lowers surface tension and prevents alveolar collapse

75
Q

How is the alveolus adapted for its function?

A

Large surface area
Thin walls one cell thick
Rich blood supply

75
Q

Pathway taken by air to alveolus

A

Mouth/nose
Trachea
Bronchus
Bronchiole
Alveolus

76
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Full volume of the lungs. The
volume in the lungs at maximal inflation

77
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air remaining in the
lungs after a maximal exhalation

78
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

The maximal volume of
air that can be exhaled from the end-expiratory
position

79
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

The maximal volume that
can be inhaled from the end-inspiratory position

80
Q

Vital capacity

A

Maximum value of air breathed in and
out. The volume is equal to TLC - RV

81
Q

Tidal volume

A

The amount of air that moves in or out of the lungs with each respiratory cycle

82
Q

Function of mitochondria

A

Aerobic respiration
Release energy
Produce ATP

83
Q

Function of Golgi body

A

Modify protein

84
Q

Function of ribosome

A

Translation
Protein synthesis

85
Q

Function of rough endoplasmic reticulum

A

Make and transport proteins

86
Q

Function of smooth endoplasmic reticulum

A

Make and transport lipids and steroids

87
Q

Function of nucleus

A

Controls the activity of the cells

88
Q

Function of nucleolus

A

Makes ribosomes

89
Q

Plasma membrane

A

Controls which substances can cross and enter or leave the cell

90
Q

What is the nuclear envelope and what is its function?

A

Double membrane surrounding nucleoplasm
Pores in membrane to allow mRNA to leave the nucleus
Confines DNA to nucleus

91
Q

Which organelles are involved in production of a glycoprotein?

A

Ribosome
Mitochondria
Golgi apparatus

Medical science (2 decks)

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