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YR 3 - UGP > CASP Keywords > Flashcards

CASP Keywords Flashcards

1
Q

Abstract Summary

A

make summary of the larger paper
- report aim and outcomes

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2
Q

Acceptability - to accept something

A

how much the people delivering consider it appropriate

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3
Q

Aim

A

the purpose of the study - what it is and what it’s trying to achieve

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4
Q

Assumption of Normality

how does it appear on a graph?

A

assuming that the sample destruction is normal
- bell curve
- most score close to the mean

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5
Q

Blinding.

A

participants don’t know

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6
Q

Double Blinding.

A

the participants and researchers don’t known

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7
Q

Calibrate

A

making sure measurements are at consistent quality

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8
Q

case report.

A

to describe and interpret an individual case

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9
Q

case-control study, what’s the purpose?

A

patient who have disease vs patients who don’t
- to compare risk factors and disease with exposures to risk factors

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10
Q

clinical trial

A

testing new drugs or approaches to surgery to improve disease diagnosis and quality of life

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11
Q

cohort study

A

1+ samples are followed to determine the link of risk factors to a disease

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12
Q

conclusion

A

sum up key points and provide statement of opinion/decision reaches

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13
Q

confidence interval

A

the probability that a population parameter will fall between 2 set values

  • help to measure the degree of uncertainty
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14
Q

conflict of interest

A

individual becomes unreliable because of clash of self interest and professionalism

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15
Q

confounding variable.

A

a third variable influencing the independent and dependent, if you don’t account the links are invalid

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16
Q

critical appraisal

A

evaluate, judge a papers validity and relevance

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17
Q

cross-sectional study

A

a one-off

  • exposure and outcome is measured at the same time
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18
Q

data analysis

A

data - inspect, model
discover useful information, good conlusion

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19
Q

dependent variable

A

what can be measured and changed

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20
Q

drop-out

A

participants leave a study
- differences between those who continue create bias = attrition bias

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21
Q

discussion

A

explore relevance, significance and meaning

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22
Q

exclusion criteria

A

factors that make a person ineligible to participate or make a study ineligible

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23
Q

experimental group

A

group who receive the experimental treatment

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24
Q

external reliability

A

the extent to which a measure is consistent when assessed over time

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25
Q

external validity

A

how much the study can be generalised to other measures

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26
Q

fidelity

A

how much the delivery of intervention adheres to the original protocol

aka the degree exactness to how it was meant to be done

27
Q

what is feasibility used for?

A

to estimate the important parameter that make the study possible

28
Q

hypothesis

A

precise prediction

29
Q

inclusion criteria

A

factors what the participants must meet to take part

30
Q

independent variable

A

what I, the researcher can change/control

31
Q

internal reliability

A

how much a measure is consistent within itself

aka if ur measuring me and I have bi-polar, I don’t have internal reliability

32
Q

internal validity

A

the degree of confidence that the established link is trustworthy and not influenced by other factors

33
Q

inter-rater reliability

A

how much different raters have the same level of agreement

34
Q

interventional studies

A

study to evaluate direct impact of exposure on outcome

  • then to determine the effectiveness of intervention
35
Q

introduction

A

establish context
background information
state purpose of the study
explain method
highlight potential outcome

36
Q

longitudinal study

A

repeated observation of the same variable over a period of time

37
Q

meta-analysis

A

combining study date from several studies to develop single conclusion with large statistical power

38
Q

non-parametric

A

statistical data that doesn’t meet the assumption of normality

39
Q

objective measure

A

consistent measure independent of researcher
- time, criteria

40
Q

objective

A

statment to define how the outcome comes about

41
Q

parametric test

A

statistical data that meets the assumption of normality

42
Q

PPI

A

patient and public involvement

research carried out ‘with’ or ‘by’ patients and those who have experience of a condition

43
Q

pilot-study

A

studies which aim to investigate whether crucial
components of a main study will be feasible

44
Q

power calculation

A

allows you to calculate how many participants are
needed in a study to get an effect of a certain size and avoid statistical errors (i.e

45
Q

process evaluation

A

aim to explain how an intervention works or does not work by looking at:
- how it is implemented
- the theories behind
- reasons for participation

46
Q

qualitative, what is the aim?

A

non-numerical data

  • produce detailed description of the study
47
Q

quantitative, what is the aim?

A

numerical data

  • produce objective, empirical data
  • test hypothesis, identify pattern and make predictions
48
Q

recruitment

A

identify eligible participants, get valid consent, maintain ethical until study is complete

49
Q

reliability

A

the consistency of the results, should be able to be repeated with the same result

50
Q

results

A

state finding, without bias or interpretation

51
Q

retention

A

keeping participants for the duration of the study

52
Q

saturation

A

no new data is discovered

53
Q

sample

A

group of representative people taken from a larger population so we can generalise for the whole population

54
Q

self-report/subjective

A

participants respond to the researcher’s questions without interference

55
Q

significance

A

measure of the probability of the null hypothesis being true

results are significant if p value <0.05, can reject the null hypothesis

56
Q

split-half reliability

A

measures how much all parts of the test contribute to what’s being measured

  • compare results of one half of the test with the other
  • similar results = internal reliability
57
Q

standardisation

A

procedures are kept the same

58
Q

stratification

A

partitioning the participants by a factor other then exposure/treatment

  • gender, age
59
Q

subjective measure

A

self-report measures
what the participants say they experience

60
Q

systematic review

A

comprehensive review of all the studies on a topic

61
Q

test-re-test reliability method

A

measures stability of a test over time

give the same participants, the same test on 2 separate occasions
- if similar results = external reliability

62
Q

user involvement

A

involving the users of research

63
Q

validity

A

how much your findings truly represent what you’re claiming to measure

64
Q
A

YR 3 - UGP (5 decks)

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