CASLI Knowledge Exam Flashcards
1
Q
Interpreters are….?
A
Professional communicators
2
Q
Communication is complex and imprecise but…?
A
It is essential for life, health, and the development of sense of self
3
Q
How much meaning of a message is conveyed through gestures, body lang, and facials?
A
55%
4
Q
What does communication depend on?
A
Cultures, personal history, and relationships of individuals present.
5
Q
What does effective communication require?
A
A goal- why interaction is taking place.
6
Q
Interpreters must be aware of what?
A
Who your audience is and where this interaction is taking place.
7
Q
Interpreters must take into account what?
A
Cultural norms and expectations.
8
Q
What sounds like an un-confident message?
A
-hedges, hesitations, intensifiers, polite, up talk, disclaimers
9
Q
“You” and “I” statements…
A
“You”- can be negative
“I “- takes responsibility
“It”- deflects responsibility
10
Q
Register is important to what factors?
A
-goal, rate of speech, and more
11
Q
What does culture influence in an interaction?
A
Everything! Including assumptions and understandings derived by participants.
12
Q
What are static aspects of a culture?
A
-kinship, attitudes, and beliefs
13
Q
What shapes of concept of who we are?
A
The culture in which we are raised.
14
Q
How is culture communicated and shared?
A
Language
15
Q
What percentage of the world’s cultures are collectivist?
A
70%
16
Q
Differences between individualist and collectivist cultures?
A
Differences in: identity, shared knowledge, time, trust and credibility, group membership, accomplishments, social obligations… etc.
17
Q
How are group memberships seen?
A
Both visible and invisible
18
Q
What must interpreters work to do?
A
Reduce cultural misunderstandings.
19
Q
What must interpreters do in terms of their own background?
A
Be aware of their cultural background.
20
Q
What must an interpreter know how to do in terms of culture?
A
Must be aware of how cultural backgrounds influence communication and be able to properly identify and represent different cultures.
21
Q
What are the communication levels?
A
Literal (denotative) level
and
Deep Structure (connotative) level
22
Q
What percentage of Deaf are born to hearing parents?
A
90%
23
Q
What does Interpreting require from interpreters?
A
- Socializing in Deaf community
- Showing up to appointments early
24
Q
How do interpreters become familiar with Deaf history and traditions?
A
By being exposed to stories from master storytellers.
25
What are some elements of collectivist culture that Black Deaf follow?
- elders are respected
- extended family is important
- cultural history and group identity is passed down
26
What are some elements of Hispanic Deaf culture?
-closer physical boundaries (so interp. may need to change placement in order to be effective)
27
Elements of Hispanic Deaf culture?
- may need more cultural mediation between negative feedback in English/ASL/Spanish
- must include visual signals of respect
28
What are some elements of Native Deaf culture?
- non-materialistic
| - status is achieved from supporting and contributing
29
Elements of Native Deaf culture?
-tend to have a lengthy decision making process
30
How should interpreters learn about cultures?
Interpreters should learn slowly and through real life interactions.
31
How do Deaf ask about "sameness?"
Asking about:
- Deaf family members
- type of schooling
- age of deafness
- age of exposure to sign language
32
How do Deaf identify?
Indicate a presence of hearing loss and preference to socialize with Deaf Community.
33
How do some HoH identify?
Indicate a presence of hearing and preference to socialize with hearing.
34
What are the types of English-Based signing?
- Rochester Method (FS)
- Seeing Essential Eng. (SEE1) (BUTTER-FLY)
- Signing Exact Eng. (SEE2)
- Signed English (signs invented in Eng. order)
- Conceptually Accurate Signed Eng. (CASE) (Pidgin) (ASL signs in Eng. order)
35
What is Pidgin sign (PSE)?
-a blend of ASL and Eng. (ASL signs with Eng. order)
36
Do I let DeafBlind know if someone has left the room?
Yes!
37
Should I work with CDIs?
Yes! One should always be comfortable working with and asking for a CDI if necessary.
38
Do I respect people's various labels for Deafness?
Yes! Always!
39
Do I respect language preferences?
Yes!
40
What does MLS/MLC/HVO stand for?
MLS: Minimal Language Skills
MLC: Minimum Language Competency
HVO: Visually Oriented
41
What are schematic constructs?
- physical characteristics
- social roles
- social interactions
- psychological characteristics
- membership associations
42
What are the three broad types of oppression?
- individual
- group
- institutionalized
43
What is the pathological view of Deafness?
-Deaf need to be "fixed"
44
What is a pejorative view of a minority group?
A characteristic of an oppressor, and that being different is bad.
45
What is reciprocity of perspectives?
A characteristic of an oppressor, and thinking members of a different group want to be like your own.
46
What is paternalism?
A character of an oppressor, and the desire to take people under your wing in a "know it all" fashion.
47
What is meant by a fear freedom movement?
A characteristic of an oppressor, and an angry reaction when minority group tries to change the power balance.
48
How does audism affect Deaf?
-institutionalized oppression
49
What is fatalism?
-passively taking whatever happens
50
What is horizontal violence?
-violence against other members of your group
51
What is DPN?
Deaf President Now (1988)- A historic time that started political activism in Deaf community.
52
Do interpreters see oppression in clients?
Yes. Oppression has a life-long effect and interpreters see it on a regular basis.
53
Do interpreters need to know the dynamics of oppression?
Yes. Interpreters must learn dynamics and how the Deaf community responds to it.
54
What must interpreters learn in relation to oppression?
-must learn strategies of dealing with events/actions/feelings in relation to oppression
55
Will the interpreter be the brunt of hearing centered jokes?
Yes. You must learn how to deal with the feelings that may arise from this situation.
56
Do interpreters make money off Deaf?
Yes. You must learn how to listen and reflect on the Deaf view.
57
What kind of decisions to interpreters have to make?
-moral and ethical
58
Will interpreters have stress related to insults?
Yes. You will have insults directed at hearing people and may have subsequent stress about that.
59
What is the goal of interpreting?
-staying true to the intent of the message
60
Do interpreters need to practice self care?
Yes! Interpreters may need to find coping mechanisms for stress and fatigue to maintain mental and emotional health.
61
What is dynamic equivalence?
- speaker's intended interaction
| - impact on audience
62
What is modality?
The channel through which a message is expressed.
63
What is a positive about consecutive interpreting?
It is more accurate than simultaneous interpreting.
64
How should consecutive interpreting be used?
It should be used 1:1 or in small settings.
65
Who do interpreters work for?
Both hearing and Deaf.
66
What are work "settings?"
-external factors to describe one's work (people involved, type of interaction, language used, purpose, etc.)
67
What should an interpreter be more comfortable working from?
-their L2 to L1
68
What are factors surrounding 1:1 situations?
- can be formal/consultative
- range from general lang.-jargon
- goals can be varied
- lends itself to consecutive interp.
- easiest situation to start with as a baby interp.
69
What are factors surrounding small group situations?
- involves 3-20 people
- goals include informing/advising/planning
- rapid turn taking
- hardest setting for baby interp.
70
What are factors surrounding large group situations?
- involves 20-30 people
- little to no interaction with audience
- goals include inspiring/informing/convincing
- since you can prep for this work, this is also a good place for baby interp. to start
71
What is the progression of interpreter models over the years?
- helper
- machine (conduit)
- communication facilitator
- bi-bi
- ally
72
Do interpreters vary in their model use?
Yes! There is a range of models used in North America.
73
Are the interpreting models done evolving?
No! Since interpreting is such a new profession, the models will continue to evolve with it.
74
How does a helper model view Deaf people?
- handicapped
- unable to manage their business affairs
- Deaf are incapable of understanding world
- ASL less preferred than English
75
What does a helper interpreter look like?
- overly involved
- takes over and makes decisions for Deaf
- moves out of interpreter role and advises, directs, or teaches
76
How does a conduit model view Deaf people?
- Deaf need to learn how to take care of themselves
- does not recognize Deaf as a unique culture
- does not recognize ASL as language
77
What does a conduit interpreter look like?
- assume no responsibility for interpretation
- does not take communication dynamics into account
- acts like a "robot"
- confuses quantity with quality interpretation
78
How does a communication facilitator view Deaf?
- sees Deaf as part of handicapped population
| - sees English as superior to ASL
79
What does a communication facilitator interpreter look like?
- aware of lighting, background, and sight lines
| - focuses on interpreter appearance: fingernail polish, distracting jewelry...etc.
80
How does a Bi-Bi model view Deaf?
- recognizes Deaf as an oppressed minority group
- accepts ASL as language
- accepts Deaf as culture
81
What does a Bi-Bi interpreter look like?
- equalizing communication and empowering Deaf and hearing
- sensitive to lighting, background, and sight lines... etc.
- focuses on meaning and cultural mediation
82
What is the challenge for interpreters in terms of modality?
- deriving meaning
- dropping from source language
- managing speed of language delivery
83
What is the challenge in grammatical structure?
- avoiding SLIs
| - conditionals in ASL must precede consequence
84
What is the challenge in time/tense markers?
- produce language that has appropriate time markers
| - recognizing markers in ASL
85
What is the challenge in negation/affirmation?
- takes register into account
| - avoidance of head-nods when working Eng. to ASL
86
What is the challenge in determining meaning?
- degree of detail (expansion and reduction techniques)
- use of first or third person and/or role shifting
- identifying implicit and explicit units of meaning
87
What is the challenge in affect markers?
-incorporating visual affect informational units from ASL to Eng.
88
What is the challenge in noun/verb modifier?
- using CL and and other strategies appropriate for ASL
| - when working ASL to Eng. having adequate vocabulary to interpret SASSes
89
What is the challenge in pronouns?
- providing number specificity when working from Eng. to ASL where possible
- providing general specificity when working from ASL to Eng. where no gender is revealed
90
What are the physical requirements of interpreting in relation to taking in source lang. ?
- be able to see/hear communication
- must be able to focus and sustain attending skills
- patience
91
What is the cognitive competence of interpreting in relation to taking in source lang. ?
- close skills in ASL and English
- ability to extract meaning and discard fluff
- ability to store, retrieve, and connect quickly
92
What are linguistic and cultural requirements of interpreting in relation to taking in source lang. ?
- need a range in registers in each language
- know how to accomplish goals in various languages
- proper use of turn-taking
93
What is social competence in interpreting in relation to taking in source lang. ?
-social skills and cultural finesse to support effective relationships between clients
94
What is cognitive competence in relation to structure meaning?
- ability to think clearly
- includes critical thinking skills
- focuses on intent and meaning
- must be aware of own biases and beliefs
95
What are linguistic and cultural requirements in relation to structure meaning?
- identify speaker's goals
- able to recognize nuances in both languages
- can identify cultural-based nonverbal signals
96
What is a cohort group in relation to schema?
-able to identify cohort membership that may be shaping underlying meaning/how it is expressed
97
What is schema?
-ability to deduce experiences and backgrounds and how that influences communication
98
How do you get an equivalent message?
- linguistic competence
| - cultural competence
99
How do you monitor?
- confirming comprehension (checking in)
- slow process
- correcting errors
- verify interpersonal dynamics
100
Interpreters must be able to monitor what other behaviors?
- work with frozen texts
- work with people who have not used interpreters
- how to ask for clarification
- when to use consecutive/simultaneous form
101
What did early interpreters look like?
- CODA/ Deaf siblings
- be teachers of the Deaf
- be members of the clergy
102
When did spoken language interpreting start as a profession?
-at the Paris Peace Conference in 1919
103
What does interpreter education look like?
- formal education minimum two years
| - Bachelor's and Master degrees in ASL/English are becoming more common
104
Sign language interpreting vs Spoken language?
-sign language interpreters have more history, testing, and certification than spoken language interp.
105
When was RID established?
-1964
106
What is the three arm approach to interpreting used by RID?
- National Testing System (NTS)
- Certification Maintenance Program (CMP)
- Ethical Practices System (EPS)
107
After taking the CASLI Knowledge exam how long does the interpreter have to take the performance test?
-5 years
108
Are there specialized practice certifications?
Yes! (in book Legal)
109
How many competency areas on the NIC Exam?
10!
110
What are the benefits of joining RID?
- group insurance rates
- networking with RID members
- lower prices on tests and certifications
111
What is the most important thing to an interpreter?
-the client's best interest
112
What is the code of ethics interpreters are supposed to follow?
- CPC (code of professional conduct)
| - should adhere strictly
113
Are interpreters privy to personal information about clients?
- Yes!
- must deal with it in a discrete manner
- avoid inappropriate emotional involvement
114
What are interpreters responsible for?
- trustworthiness
- skill level
- come to assignment prepared
115
Do interpreters work unsupervised?
Yes, so they should have internalized moral base and sense of ethics.
116
What do interpreters need to have in order to use code of ethics properly?
They must have a well developed sense of self and critical thinking skills.
117
Are interpreters supposed to let members know what appropriate behavior is?
Yes, and they should protect the public from unethical practitioners.
118
What are some of the steps to critical thinking decisions?
- think about options available
- identify consequences
- rank options
- act
- review actions
119
What are support groups?
(AKA case conferencing)- small group of professional peers committed to confidentiality, growth, and honesty
120
What is mentoring?
-a more experienced interpreter serves as a sounding board about work and ethics and introduces baby interp. to Deaf community
121
What are some requirements of interpreting in a Religious setting?
- some clients prefer if interpreter is of the same belief
- heavy use of formal or frozen registers
- must be able to separate own beliefs from interpreted ones
122
What are some requirements of interpreting in an Educational setting?
- recommendation of graduation from interpreting program/ certification and a Bachelor degree
- pay should include prep time
- interpreter is part of educational team
- highly controversial placement in Deaf community
123
What are some requirements of working with a CI/CDI?
- special knowledge about hearing/Deaf teaming is helpful
| - payment should be same for both interpreters
124
What are some requirements of working in a medical setting?
- medical staff often do not understand what is needed for interp. to do their job effectively
- interp. must be aware of various medical procedures and terminology
- no specialized certification required, but can be life threatening to Deaf if not qualified
125
What are some requirements of working in Legal settings?
- many states require specialized certification
| - ethical concerns are watched and dealt with in this setting more than others
126
What are some requirements of working in Mental health settings?
- should work closely with the therapist
- any testing should be done with relay interpreter- if interp. wrong, can lead to misdiagnosis
- should be a certified interpreter
- higher fees are usually charged due to expertise needed
127
What are some requirements for working in Conference settings?
- may be paid hourly or day rate (accommodations may be paid for but not always)
- usually work long hours
- usually teamed
- may have various paralinguistic demands
- may have to work with or around technology
128
What are some requirements for Theater settings?
- no specialized certifications or qualifications needed
- music/theater/drama training helpful
- lighting is essential
- complex placements
- must get scripts and music in advance
- must be paid for rehearsals and prep time
129
What are some requirements for Employment related settings? (Job interviews, etc.)
- preferably certified
- must be sensitive to cultural adjustments needed
- must know specialized terminology for job as well as tech for each job
- less than optimal working conditions, interpreters need to be flexible
130
What are some requirements for Social Service settings?
- emotionally stable interp.
- graduate of interpret education program
- knowledge of terms that might arise is helpful
- working conditions are often poor
131
What are some requirements of Personal settings? (family reunions/ confrontations)
- can be emotional
- often unstable environments
- needs flexibility
- needs to set boundaries
- pay can be on barter arrangement
132
Are interpreters needed?
Yes, there is a shortage in North America. However, job demand varies on where you live, what work you do, and if you are self employed or not.
133
What are the three types of employment?
- staff interpreter (business, school, agency- has benefits)
- contract interpreter (hourly for school or agency- no benefits)
- free-lance interpreter (part to full time work- benefits paid for by interpreter)
134
What are typical pay rates of interpreters?
-$20- $75 an hour
135
What do interpreters need to calculate into pay rates as a FL interpreter?
- transportation
- office expenses
- business clothing
- health and malpractice insurance
136
What are employment trends like in interpreting?
- can ebb and flow
| - should be used to working and then having a slow down with reduced income
137
What are the business skills involved in interpreting?
- writing business letters
- basic bookkeeping and invoices
- schedule maintenance
- appropriate business policies
138
Should beginning interpreters start with FL work?
No! Should build community trust before going FL.
139
What is an invoice?
-collecting money owed
140
What are the risks of a high demand interpreting schedule?
- repetitive strain injury (RSI)
- emotional burnout
- fatigue
