Cases 6-10 Flashcards by Bianca Zayas

_____ alone dramtically changes the priority of many differentials.

Age

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What age is degenerative disease more common in?

old

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What age are congenital anomalies more common in?

young

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What age is neoplasia more common in?

old

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What ages are infectious diseases more common in?

HIGH in young

LOW in prime

MODERATE in old

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 5 key issues, relatively unique to the neonate, will you need to consider when dealing with a poor-doing newborn?

The dam is an integral part (newborns are not autonomous until weaned)
Immunity (Ab from colostrum)
Congenital anomalies
Navel infections
Environment

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can dystocia lead to in a newborn?

fetal hypoxia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some reasons for neonates’ decreased access to milk from the dam?

Poor mothering instincts
Mastitis
Teat lesions

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What 3 things are important issues with neonates that are associated with the dam?

Birthing
Provides nutrition (milk)
Health & nutrition of dam

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

You may not be able to solve the health problem of the neonate without the ability to evaluate the _____.

dam

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some reasons why the neonate’s immunity may be an issue?

Newborn is lacking
Initial immunity is passive
Dam vaccination prior to parturition modifies the quantity of passive immunity
Inadequate quantity/quality of colostrum

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some common congenital anomalies associated with neonates?

Cleft palate
Heart defects
Contracted tendons
Atresia ani

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What body part should you ALWAYS assess in newborns?

navel

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Neonates are less able to tolerate _____ (keep them clean, warm, dry).

environmental extremes

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are 2 mechanisms in neonates whereby an infectious process could result in liver lesions?

FPT –> sepsis –> blood-born dissemination to liver
Navel infection –> travels up umbilical ven –> liver –> infection and/or abscess

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are schistocytes?

Fragmented RBCs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What do schistocytes indicate?

Mechanical damage to RBCs

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are the main causes for schistocytosis?

DIC, neoplasia (hemangiosarc)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What can presence of schistocytes lead to?

Fragmentation hemolytic anemia

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

How are jaundice and presence of schistocytes related?

Increased RBC destruction causes excess bilirubin in the blood –> jaundice

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What are some differentials for hemoabdomen?

Trauma (splenic or hepatic rupture/fracture)
Neoplasia (hemangiosarc)
Clotting/Coagulation problems

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

Clotting factors can be _____ or _____.

inherited, acquired

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is an example of an acquired clotting/coagulation problem?

Anticoagulant rodenticides

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the most common cause of acute non-traumatic hemoabdomen in dogs?

Malignant neoplasia (most often hemangiosarcoma)

How well did you know this?

Not at all

Perfectly

What is the treatment of choice for hemangiosarcoma?

surgery

Does removal of a hemangiosarcoma mass increase survival time?

No: surgery provides temporary relief, but does little to improve overall survival time

Chemotherapy for hemangiosarcoma can _____ survival time.

prolong

Hemangiosarcoma usually has already _____ by the time of initial diagnosis.

metastasized

What is the long term prognosis for a dog with hemangiosarcoma?

extremely poor

How can hemangiosarcoma cause schostocytosis?

Squeezing of blood thru irregular and partially thrombosed vascular channels --\> schistocytes

How can hemangiosarcoma cause jaundice?

Damage caused by tumor mets to liver; Increased RBC destruction --\> RBC fragmentation

Who is John Snow?

English physician that is considered to be the father of modern epidemiology.

What is epidemiology?

Study of patterns of health and illness in an individual or population.

John Snow utilized the study of patterns of disease to figure out \_\_\_\_\_.

how cholera was transmitted

What is the miasma theory?

If postulated that diseases, such as cholera and the plague, were spread by vapors or a novious form of "bad air" (miasma).

What did John Snow theorize based on the miasma theory?

If it were true for cholera, it should readily spread between people working in confined, poorly ventilated spaces; It did not spread this way, so the miasma theory for spread of cholera was refuted

What are differentials for acute death in a previously healthy animal?

1. Acute toxicosis 2. Severe acute trauma 3. Major organ system accident (EX: GDV)

What is a top differential for acute deaths in a group of previously healthy animals?

Acute toxicosis

What epidemiological characteristics might make you suspicious of an acute toxicosis?

Clinical signs associated with: 1. Feed change 2. Change in environment 3. Acute death in previously healthy animals 4. Sudden death with no gross lesions

What are monensin and lasalocid?

Ionophore abx that are also common feed additives for cattle and poultry.

What domestic animals are most sensitive to monensin toxicity?

horses

What does monensin toxicity cause in horses?

Damage to the heart.

How can you diagnose that a horse died from monensin toxicity?

Necropsy (heart lesions) and feed analysis

What is the treatment for monensin toxicity?

There is no specific antidote

What are some foods that are safe for humans but toxic to dogs and cats?

1. Chocolate 2. Allium spp. (onion, garlic, leek, chives) 3. Macadamia nuts 4. *Vitis vinifera* fruits (grapes, raisins, sultanas, currants) 5. Products sweetened with xylitol

What are some clinical signs of grape and raisin toxicosis?

1. Vomiting in all dogs a few hours after ingestion 2. Anorexia 3. Lethargy 4. Abdominal pain

Clinical signs of grape/raisin toxicosis are consistent with \_\_\_\_\_.

ARF

What is the epidemiology of an acute toxicosis?

1. New bag/batch of feed (feed mixing error) 2. Moved to new location (weeds, old batteries) 3. Sudden appearance of clinical signs/death in young, previously healthy animals 4. Sudden death of multiple animals with no gross lesions

Diagnosis of multiple myeloma in dogs and cats requires at least 2 of which criteria?

1. Radiographic evidence of osteolysis 2. \>20% plasma cells in bone marrow aspiration or biopsies 3. Monoclonal gammopathy on serum protein electrophoresis 4. Bence-Jones proteinuira Cats: plasma cell infiltration of visceral organs

Serum protein electrophoresis showing polyclonal gammopathy supports a diagnosis of \_\_\_\_.

Inflammation

Serum protein electrophoresis showing a monoclonal gammopathy supports a diagnosis of \_\_\_\_\_.

Multiple myeloma

What is myelophthesis?

Replacement of hematopoetic tissue in bone marrow by tumor cells (multiple myeloma).

What is a possible mechanism for an enlarged liver and spleen seen with multiple myeloma?

Diffuse infiltration by tumor cells

What is a possible mechanism for hypercalcemia seen with multiple myeloma?

Bone lysis leading to hypercalcemia

What is a possible mechanism for non-regenerative anemia and thrombocytopenia seen with multiple myeloma?

Myelophthesis

What is a possible mechanism for hypoalbuminemia and elevated liver enzymes seen with multiple myeloma?

Extensive infiltration of liver by tumor cells led to liver damage (elevated enzymes) and decreased function (low albumin).

What structures need ot be carefully evaluated in animals showing lameness?

1. Feet 2. Joints 3. Muscle 4. Bones 5. Neuro 6. Vascular

What structures need to be evaluated in animals with paralysis?

Brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

When an animal develops multiple clinical signs over a short time or when multiples animals become ill at the same time, the signs are likely \_\_\_\_\_.

What are two causes for fractures?

1. A stress is applied that is greater than the strength of the normal bone 2. A bone is weakened and is fractured with limited force (pathologic fracture)

What are processes that can contribute to pathologic fractures?

1. Neoplasia 2. Metabolic bone disease (decreased mineral) 3. Infection (osteomyelitis)

You necropsy a pig and find these lesions. Is this acute or chronic?

Chronic: Rubbery bones, big callus, no hemorrhage = lesions have been there for a while

If you are suspecting a nutritional deficiency in a pig (i.e. Rickets), what samples might you want to collect and what two tests might you want to run to establish a definitive diagnosis?

1. Feed analysis for Ca, P, Vit D 2. Bone for bone ash (how much mineral is in the bone)

In what 2 spp do we most commonly see Rickets and why these 2 spp?

Pigs and chickens; Processing feed removes natural Vit D Early weaning/no milk (chicks) Ricketogenic diet (low Ca, high P) Confinement (lack of sunlight) Rapid growth