case unit 5 - deniers + ethics Flashcards
what is the declaration of helsinki - 1964
an adaptation of the nuremberg code for biomedical research
informs legal ethical guidlines
binds physician to act in patients’ best interest
what does the declaration of helsinki require an experiemtn to have
informed consent no unnecessary risk - minimise risk allow patient withdrawal publish findings dont target vulnerable groups use most current treatment
2 major contributions to modern ethical guidlines
nuremberg trials
tuskegee study
contribution to human tissue act
alder hey tissue scandal
nuremberg trials
1945-46
hearings of 22 nazi war criminals
what were the nazis punished for in the nuremberg trials
illegal experimentation on prisoners
no consent
not allowed to withdraw
e.g. mass sterilisation
when was the tuskegee study
1932-72
started before the declaration of helsinki
finished early
what was the tuskegee study
study of untreated syphilis in negro males
what was wrong was with the tuskegee study
syphilis treatment was withheld from subjects
no informed consent given
poor uneducated farmers targeted
what did the tuskegee study induce
belmont report
ethical committees
why do ethical principles need to be binding
research should benefit everyone
what was the alder hey tissue scandal
1988-1995
tissue and organs were obtained and stored from children who died at the hospital
what was wrong with the alder hey tissue scandal
no consent was given
when was the human tissue act introduced
2004
what was the wakefield MMR study
lancet paper - feb 1998
andrew wakefield
falsified results to claim MMR injection caused autism
what did andrew wakefield do wrong
subjected autistic children to unnecessary invasive and unpleasant procedures
e.g. lumbar punctures
claimed they had been referred for treatment
conflicts of interest - financial gain
gave vaccine wihtout telling childrens GPs
altered facts
what was andrew wakefields conflicts of interests
financial gain
production of his own measles vaccine
what could have been improved for the wakefield study
more thorough checks by ethics committee
what is the ‘theory of falsification’
the fact that a falsifiable hypothesis can be put to a test and be conceivably refuted
what is a genuine test of a theory
a test that attempts to falsify it
3 features of modern scientific thinking
testable
refutable
falsifiable
