Case Study: Mali - the impact of global governance of sovereignty/territorial integrity

Question 1

When did the military coup and subsequent insurgency occur in Mali

Answer 1

2012

Question 2

Who did the Malian authority request assistance from

Answer 2

The French ‘to defend Mali’s sovereignty and restore its territorial integrity’

Question 3

Why did the challenges to sovereignty and territorial integrity occur (5)

Answer 3

• boundaries put in place by Europeans in 20th century had little regard for tribal lands, resulting in random division of Tuareg ethnic group
• Tuareg declared independence for Awazad (an area of North East Mali) over which they claimed territorial and cultural rights
• Fighting in the north to control routes for legal trade and illegal smuggling
• Ineffective state governance of the north, which was marginalised and neglected by Bamako, the capital
• Numerous other ethnic groups who have not been considered

Question 4

What was established by the UN Security Council in 2013 to assist Mali

Answer 4

The United Nations Multidimensional Integrated Stabilisation Mission in Mali (MINUSMA)

Question 5

What does MINUSMA do (5)

Answer 5

• aims to support the political process and stabilise Mali
• ensure security
• protect civilians

Question 6

How many people are involved helping Mali

Answer 6

• 9,000 military personnel
• 1,000 police
• 1,300 other international and local staff

Question 7

What do these people do to help (3)

Answer 7

• operate in cities
• keep open communication lines
• provide humanitarian assistance, including return of IDPs and preparation for free elections

Question 8

What are the short term benefits of global governance for citizens and places where sovereignty has been threatened (7)

Answer 8

• humanitarian aid
• supply of food
• access to clean drinking water

Question 9

What are the long term benefits of global governance for citizens and places where sovereignty has been threatened (7)

Answer 9

• agricultural and fishing training
• education programmes
• build democratic institutions

Question 10

What are the short term benefits of global governance for citizens and places where territorial integrity has been threatened (8)

Answer 10

• security and protection of civilians in conflict zone
• negotiate and monitor ceasefire
• border control

Question 11

What are the long term benefits of global governance for citizens and places where territorial integrity has been threatened (8)

Answer 11

• mediation and fostering of cooperation
• development of sustainable food and water supplies
• improve trade to reduce economic shock

Question 12

When was the peace deal put in place

Answer 12

2015

Question 13

Who formulated the peace deal

Answer 13

Mali government and Tuareg

Question 14

What does the peace deal include (3)

Answer 14

• recognition of locally elected leaders
• greater representation of population in north (where Tuareg are dominant)
• transfer of more of state budget to north

Question 15

Give examples of what NGOs provide to local communities (4)

Answer 15

• Population Services International: reproductive health projects
• Care: food security and poverty alleviation
• World Education Mali: education (esp literacy)

Question 16

What challenges do NGOs face (2)

Answer 16

• armed bandits (with threat of kidnapping, car jacking, smuggling)
• landmines

Question 17

What challenges are there in Mali which threaten success of the peace plan (2)

Answer 17

• socio-economic inequality between north and south (north is underdeveloped and under represented)
• cultural and language division between ethnic groups (Tuareg, Arab, Songhai plus others) in the North. The international community sees the north as one area but the ethnic groups do not see it this way

Question 18

Explain how intervention has created opportunities for stability in Mali

Answer 18

• growth opportunities (increased economic diversity - main exports, gold 72%, cotton 10%)
• bank support for small farmers enhancing supply chains for fishing and farming products
• UN intervention provides stability ahead of development process

Question 19

Describe the challenges faced for intervention (2)

Answer 19

• inequality between urban and rural areas and lack of infrastructure and service provision. Villagers feel abandoned
• access to electricity rural 9%, urban 86%;
  access to water rural 33%, urban 93%,
  access to paved roads rural 12%, urban 84%,

Question 20

Describe some of the injustices that challenge intervention (4)

Answer 20

• ineffectiveness of police –> human trafficking, drug smuggling, kidnapping, corruption
• human rights abuse, esp women and children (FGM, early marriage, poor prospects)
• landmines, abductions, killings

Question 21

Name 3 unintended effects of intervention

Answer 21

• civilian casualties
• IDPs/refugees
• housing damage