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Geography > Case study (Living world) > Flashcards

Case study (Living world) Flashcards

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1
Q

Name and locate the UK’s key mountains peaks

A

Ben nevis,scafell pikes

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2
Q

Name and locate the UK’s major highland areas

A

located in Scotland (in the Scottish Highlands), the Lake District and the Pennines in the north and north-west of the UK.

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3
Q

Name and locate the UK’s major lowland areas

A

Most of the UK’s lowland is found in the South and East of the UK. Cities like Norwich

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4
Q

Name and locate the UK’s major rivers

A

The River Severn is the longest river in the UK (354km), followed by the River Thames (346km).

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5
Q

Name and locate the seas and oceans surrounding the UK

A

North Sea and Atlantic ocean

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6
Q

characteristics of constructive waves

A

-Strong swash and weak backwash
-Not very tall
-longer wavelength than destructive waves
-7-10 waves a minute
-deposit material on beach

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7
Q

characteristics of destructive waves

A

-Taller and more frequent than constructive waves
-10-15 a minute
-cause of erosion on coastline
-stronger backwash than swash
-Drag material away from beach

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8
Q

Mechanical weathering example

A

Freeze thaw weathering:
-when water fills a crack in a rock and freezes.
-Water expands when it freezes causing the crack to get wider and deeper.
-When the ice melts, there is now a larger crack that fills with water and then freezes again.

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9
Q

chemical weathering example

A

-When the climate is warm and wet,
-carbon dioxide can dissolve in rain to create a ‘carbonic acid’.
-The carbonic acid in rainfall hits rocks and dissolves the parts of the rock made of calcium carbonate.
-This also breaks down rock.

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10
Q

What are the types mass movements?

A

Slide:
- when material moves down a slope in a straight line.
Slump:
- when material moves down a slope at a curve.
Rockfall:
-when the cliff (materials) break and crumble down the cliff.

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11
Q

What are the processes of erosion that affect coastal landscapes?

A

Hydraulic power
Abrasion
Attrition
Solution

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12
Q

What are the characteristics of tundra?

A
  • very long days in summer and very short days in winter
    -Winter temperatures are usually below freezing.
    -Doesn’t rain much.
    -The dominant types of vegetation are grasses and moss.
    -Permafrost layer just beneath the soil.
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13
Q

What are the characteristics of grasslands?

A

-Usually found between +23.5° and -23.5%deg; latitude (‘savannah grassland’).
-Wet and a dry season.
-The dominant vegetation is grass.

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14
Q

What are the characteristics of temperate deciduous forests?

A

-usually in the 40° to 60° latitude areas.
-Can be identified by their four seasons, with the trees in the deciduous forests shedding their leaves in winter.
-Rain falls throughout the year.

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15
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical rainforests?

A

-Usually located between the tropics, where it is always hot and the humidity/moisture is high.
-Areas of lush forest with dense canopies of vegetation forming clear layers.

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16
Q

What are the characteristics of tropical rainforest soil?

A

-Heavy rain washes away minerals and nutrients from the soil
-One layer of soil on the rainforest floor is fertile and nutrient-rich, but this does not extend deep into the soil further underground.

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17
Q

What is the average annual rainfall level in the Amazon rainforest?

A

80 inches (2,000mm)

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18
Q

What interdependence is there between climate and soil in tropical rainforests?

A

-Decomposition happens rapidly because of the humid, warm, and moist climate in a tropical rainforest.
-This rapid decomposition creates a nutrient-rich layer of soil and this can allow plants to grow very fast.

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19
Q

What are the effects of deforestation?

A

-Fewer trees absorb less carbon dioxide through photosynthesis.
-Soil erosion increases, reducing the quality of the soil and reducing the ability of rainforests to support large animal populations.

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20
Q

What are buttress roots and how are they adapted to tropical rainforests?

A

specially adapted tree roots that spread out across a very wide area and go deep underground. Being spread so wide and deep allows buttress roots to absorb more nutrients.

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21
Q

How is bark adapted to tropical rainforests?

A

Having very smooth bark, like having a waxy coating on leaves, helps the rain to run off the tree easily.

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22
Q

How are tamarin and howler monkeys adapted to the tropical rainforest?

A

-They can avoid predation by only living high in the trees, avoiding predators on the rainforest floor.
-Monkeys have evolved strong limbs and tails to climb and live in the trees for their whole lives.

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23
Q

How are flying squirrels adapted to tropical rainforests?

A

flying squirrels have evolved ‘wings’ made out of skin which are a bit like a wingsuit. They can glide between trees using their ‘wings’.

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24
Q

What are the reasons for deforestation in tropical rainforests?

A

-Growing population.
-Construction of power plants and renewable energy.
-Mining and raw materials.

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25
Q

What are the environmental impacts of deforestation?

A

-Fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis.
-Fewer trees mean that soil is bound together less tightly and that soil erosion is more likely to happen.

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26
Q

What are the economic impacts of deforestation?

A

-In 2018, Brazil exported $28bn worth of metals. The mining industry creates jobs, exports and helps increase Brazilian people’s standard of living.
-Similarly, hydroelectric power plants and cattle farms help to create jobs.

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26
Q

What are the increasing demands from food consumers in the UK?

A

-Seasonal food all year round.
-More high-value foods.
-More organic produce.

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27
Q

What is the carbon footprint of food made up of?

A

-Growing the food.
-Packaging the food.
-Transporting the food.

28
Q

What are the impacts of agribusiness in the UK?

A

-Increasing farm size.
-Increased use of chemicals and GM.

29
Q

Where are areas of water deficit in the UK?

A

-London, Birmingham, and the east of England are all areas of water deficit.
-This is because most people live in these areas, so the demand for water is very high.

30
Q

Where are areas of water surplus in the UK?

A

-The Lake District, Manchester, Liverpool, Wales, and Cornwall all have water surplus.
-Rainfall is heavy and not many people live in some of these areas.

31
Q

How can water quality be managed in the UK?

A

-Water quality can be improved by regulating what factories are able to empty into rivers
-Banning the use of chemicals and pesticides that could lower water quality

32
Q

How can dams and aqueducts help to transport water across the UK?

A

-Networks of dams, reservoirs, and aqueducts can transport water across the UK.
-Manchester gets water from the Lake District,
-Birmingham gets water from Wales,

33
Q

What are the environmental issues associated with energy production?

A

-Burning fossil fuels releases greenhouse gases
-fracking for natural gas on land can cause micro-earthquakes under people’s houses.

34
Q

Why is food demand increasing?

A

-Rising global population
-As countries become more developed, people’s incomes rises and their preferences change.

35
Q

What are the factors affecting food supply?

A

-Climate.
-Poverty.
-Water stress.

36
Q

What are the impacts of food insecurity?

A

-Famine.
-Undernutrition or malnourishment.
-rising food prices

37
Q

What happens in aeroponics?

A

mist is used to give plants nutrients instead of soil.

38
Q

What is irrigation?

A

-adding water to the right parts of plants at the right time, irrigation can increase crop growth and food production.

39
Q

What happens in hydroponics?

A

water solvent mixture is used to give plants nutrients instead of soil.

40
Q

How can aeroponics and hydroponics increase food supply?

A

-Less water is needed but the infrastructure for vertical farms and hydroponics is generally high.
-They are likely to have to operate on a large scale to be cost-effective.

41
Q

Methods of ensuring the sustainability of food supplies.

A

-Eating seasonal foods.
-Reducing waste.
-Permaculture.

42
Q

What is permaculture?

A

-Permaculture is a way of thinking, behaving, and designing systems in farming and livestock rearing.
-it involves thinking about growing your own food, the sustainability of different products and encouraging local food sourcing.

43
Q

What determines water demand in an area?

A

-The number of people living in an area.
-The population density of the area.
-The income of people living in an area.

44
Q

How does poverty affect water availability?

A

-People living in poverty often do not have access to clean running water.
-in the UK, to get access to clean running water, you have to live in a house and you have to pay an average of £415 per year.

45
Q

What are the impacts of water insecurity?

A

-Potential for conflict
-Reduced food production.
-Reduced industrial output.

46
Q

What two things cause over-abstraction?

A

-Rising demand for water
-A rising regional population

47
Q

How can water supplies be increased?

A

-Increasing water storage, dams, and reservoirs.
-Water transfers and diverting water supplies

48
Q

What are other methods of water conservation?

A

-Using drip irrigation (straight into roots/soil) rather than surface –irrigation.
-Avoiding long showers.
-Using water meters

49
Q

What % of the world’s countries share aquifers with other countries?

A

64%

50
Q

Why is global demand for energy increasing?

A

-Economic development.
-Increasing global population size.
-Advances in technology.

51
Q

What are the economic factors affecting energy security?

A

-Some natural resources in some locations are more expensive to find and extract.
-Oil exploration companies specialise in scanning the ocean using seismic waves to find oil.

52
Q

What are the impacts of energy insecurity?

A

-Potential for conflict.
-Economic and environmental costs of energy insecurity.
-Exploration of difficult and environmentally sensitive areas.

53
Q

What are the reasons for deforestation in tropical rainforests?

A

-Growing population.
-Construction of power plants and renewable energy.
-Mining and raw materials.

54
Q

What are the environmental impacts of deforestation?

A

-Fewer trees mean less carbon dioxide is removed from the atmosphere by photosynthesis.
-Fewer trees mean that soil is bound together less tightly and that soil erosion is more likely to happen.

55
Q

What are the economic impacts of deforestation?

A

-In2018, Brazil exported $28bn worth of metals. The mining industry creates jobs, exports and helps increase Brazilian people’s standard of living.
-Similarly, hydroelectric power plants and cattle farms help to create jobs.

56
Q

What are the reasons to protect tropical rainforests from deforestation?

A

-Preserving biodiversity, which makes the world less fragile.
-Source of useful products (e.g. avocado, cashew nuts).
-Long-term economic benefits, such as ecotourism.

57
Q

What is an environmental impact of deforestation?

A

-Soil more likely to be washed away from forest floors
-Fewer trees means less carbon dioxide removed from atmosphere

58
Q

What are sustainable management methods for tropical rainforests?

A

-Selective logging (only cutting down a certain species or age of tree).
-Conservation and education.
-Ecotourism.

59
Q

What is the climate of tundra regions?

A

-Tundra regions are always colder than 10oC and in the winter average about -35oC.
-Levels of rainfall are low in tundra regions,

60
Q

What is the soil like in tundra regions?

A

permafrost covers the ground with a tiny layer of infertile, acidic soil on top of it.

61
Q

What conditions are plants and animals adapted to in cold environments?

A

-Low temperatures.
-Exposure to the wind.

62
Q

What kind of roots do plants in cold environments have?

A

-Deep roots are good for competing with other plants for lots of nutrients
-So plants have shallow roots.

63
Q

How are birds adapted to cold environments?

A

-Many birds will migrate very long distances to avoid the coldest winter months in tundra enviroments

64
Q

how are arctic hares adapted to cold climates?

A

Arctic hares’ white fur gives them extremely good camouflage

65
Q

How can cold wild environments be sustainably managed?

A

-Regulation by governments
-International agreements

66
Q

What are the characteristics of upland areas?

A

-Upland areas in the UK are often rugged, with steep relief (difficult for growing crops) and weathered rocks.
-Sheep farming, tourism, and paper-making are popular activities in Cumbria and the Lake District.

67
Q

What are the characteristics of lowland areas in the UK?

A

-lowland areas are the best areas of the UK for farming. The soil is very fertile and the relief is very gentle. -Cattle farming and carrot growing are strong agricultural industries in East Anglia.

68
Q
A

Geography (2 decks)

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