Case Studies of diseases Flashcards
How bad is air pollution in India?
10micrograms/m3 are safe levels determined by the WHO. Delhi reaches 600micrograms/m3
35 of the worlds most polluted cities are in India
kills around 1.7million Indians a year
On the worst days, Delhi’s air pollution is the equivalent of smoking 50 fags a day
Spikes in Delhi in October to 50x the considered safe levels
Why is air pollution so bad in Delhi?
Rice farmers have begun to burn their crop stubble in Punjab and Haryana regions. Because of the Himalayas it travels to Delhi. Crop prices are so low farmers have no other option
It has gotten worse in the last decade due to industry and more vehicles
24% of the pollution is industries e.g. coal burning power stations
13% of the pollution is from vehicles which emit NO2 and SO2
19% is by crop burning
What are the impacts of air pollution on cancer?
Air pollution accounts for 29% of all cancer cases in India
In New Delhi, 20% of lung cancer patients are non-smokers.
Risk of lung cancer in Delhi increases by nearly 70%
In Delhi lung function is reduced 40% on average whilst in rural areas it is reduced 21%.
What are the national solutions to air pollution in India?
In Bihar, state chimneys of brick-kilns have to be retro-fitted to reduce smoke emissions
14 Indian cities are currently building rapid-transit metro systems
Subsidies for petrol and diesel will be scrapped
Punjab pollution control board placed a ban on burning stubble in 2002, it still continued as it wasn’t enforced properly
National Clean Air Programme- targets to achieve 20% reduction in concentrations of PM10 by 2024
What are the international solutions to India’s air pollution?
zero emission transition 2022 plan
In 2012, 37 countries and the Eu agreed to cut GHG emissions by 18% of 1990 levels by 2020
COP26- over 40 countires signed the global £coal to clean power£ transition statements
COP 26 health Programme developed with 52 countires committed to building low carbon and sustainable health systems
COP 26 and the Paris Agreement have created global policies with the aim to tackle climate change and reduce CO2 emissions
What are the environmental causes of malaria in Ethiopia?
Warm humid climates with stagnant water- collects during rainy season
Strongly influenced by altitude. E.g. endemic in the western lowlands. and absence of malaria in the highlands is explained by the low average temperatures which slow the development of mosquitos
In the Afar and Somali provinces in the eastern lowlands, and climate contains malaria to river valleys
In the midlans where altitude ranges from 1000m to 2000m transmission is seasonal with occasional epidemics.
What are the human causes of malaria in Ethiopia?
Malaria parasites are becoming drug resistant
Population movements between malaria free highlands and agricultural lowlands occurs every year at planting and harvesting time. This coincides with the timing of peak malaria transmission (June-sept) and rainy season
Irrigation projects in Awash valley and Gambella province with the construction of canals, micro-dams and ponds and the cultivation of rice have expanded the breeding habits for mosquitos
What are the socio-economic impacts of malaria in Ethiopia?
Kills 70,000 a year in Ethiopia
2/3 of the country’s population lives in at risk areas
10% of hospital admissions are malaria
It accounts for 40% of national health expenditure
Causes absenteeism from work
Food security is threatened- agricultural production falls
Lost production in sub-Saharan Africa is estimated $12billion a year.
5million cases a year in Ethiopia
Damages tourism industry- DE multiplier effect
What government strategies are in place to deal with malaria in Ethiopia?
National Malaria Strategic Plan (NMSP) to try to eliminate malaria by 2030
Collaboration with supranational organisations e.g. WHO
What international strategies are in place to deal with malaria in Ethiopia?
U.S. President’s Malaria Initiative- led by US govt via USAID, trying the eliminate malaria in 24 endemic countires
PMI invested over $508million in Ethiopia
What direct strategies are being used to eliminate malaria in Ethiopia?
Helped by the PMI;
47.3 million mosquito nets treated
12.1 million homes sprayed with insecticide
9.2 million rapid diagnosis tests
15 million fast acting malarial medicines distributed
Spraying larvicide into water sources and destroying breeding sites e.g. draining lakes
What are the limitations of direct strategies to combat malaria in Ethiopia?
Homes need to be sprayed every 3-6 months to remain protected
Nets only protect people at night
Ethiopian govt are reliant on funds from USAid
What are the successes of strategies combatting malaria in Ethiopia?
No. of deaths from malaria has been reduced by 54% since 2000. No malaria epidemics of malaria since 2003.
Declining influence of malaria in worst areas i.e. Amhara in 2006 prevalence was 4.6% in 2011 it was 0.8%.
What were the indirect strategies used to combat malaria in Ethiopia?
Publicity campaigns to raise awareness
untreated bed nets
What are the causes of CHD in the UK?
Obesity- 30% of children are overweight or obese in the Uk
28% of adults are obese
High blood pressure, around 15million adults in the UK have high blood pressure
Atherosclerosis- heart attacks and strokes
Smoking- at least 1/8 of adults smoke in the UK. Estimated that 15,000 CHD deaths a year are related to smoking
Being more physically active can reduce the risk of heart disease by 35%
