Case Studies Flashcards

1
Q

Achondroplasia

Phenotypic features?

A
Rhizomelic short stature
Spinal cord compression 
Brainstem compression (10%)
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2
Q

Achodroplasia risk of death?

A

Between 3-7% of patients die unexpectedly in first year because of brainstem compression (central apnea) or obstructive apnea

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3
Q

Achondroplasia

Inheritance?

A

Autosomal dominant

Mutation in FGFR3

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4
Q

Achondroplasia

Mutated gene?

A
FGFR3 (fibroblast growth factor receptor 3)
Two mutations (both converting Gly380Arg) account for 99%
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5
Q

Achondroplasia

Type of mutation?

A

Gly380Arg
Gain of function
Cause ligand independent activation of FGFR3 (a transmembrane tyrosine kinase receptor)

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6
Q

What happens in achondroplasia when FGFR3 is independently on?

A

Inappropriately inhibits bony growth

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7
Q

Achondroplasia due to de novo mutation in whose germline?

A

Father!

And increase with age

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8
Q

Mutations in FGFR gene frequently lead to?

A

Issues with boney growth and bone fusion

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9
Q

FGFR3 Gly380Arg –>

A

Gain of function leading to achondroplasia

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10
Q

Congenital deafness (From birth) is usually ?

A

Recessive

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11
Q

Progressive childhood deafness is usually?

A

Dominant

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12
Q

Of genetic congenital deafness, what fraction is syndromic and what fraction is nonsyndromic (meaning there is no other issue)

A

3/4 non

1/4 syn

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13
Q

Which mutation accounts for 1/2 of all nonsyndromic autosomal recessive deafness?

A

GJB2

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14
Q

GJB2 implicated in ?

A

1/2 all recessive nonsyndromic deafness

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15
Q

Syndromic deafness

retinitis pigmentosa suggests

A

Usher (AR) syndrome

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16
Q

Syndromic deafness

Thyroid goiter suggests?

A

Pendred (#2 AR) syndrome

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17
Q

Syndromic deafness

sudden death suggests

A

Jurvell and Lange-Nielson (AR) syndrome

18
Q

Syndromic deafness

white forelock suggests?

A

Waardenburg (#1 AD) syndrome

19
Q

Syndromic deafness

8th nerve schwannomas suggests?

A

NF type II

20
Q

What percent of congenital deafness is genetic?

21
Q

What percent of genetic congenital deafness is nonsyndromic?

22
Q

Of nonsyndromic congenital genetic deafness, what percent is autosomal recessive?

23
Q

Of autosomal recessive congential nonsyndromic deafness, which gene is reponsible for 1/2

A

DFNB1 (GJB2)

24
Q

Severe congenital deafness is typically due to?

A

Recessive inheritance

25
nonsyndromic progressive deafness with childhood onset is typically due to?
Autosomal dominant
26
To calculate risk from pedigree, must be certain you are not dealing with genetic heterogeneity, e.g. the risk of two deaf people (homozygous recessive for their deaf gene) to have a deaf child is?
15 % | Because you don't know if their same gene is effected?
27
Most common category of congenital deafness?
Genetic, autosomal recessive, nonsyndromic due to GJB2
28
Fragile X syndrome | Effected gene?
FMR1 gene
29
Fragile X syndrome | What is the cause?
Full triple repeat expansion
30
What is FXTAS?
Premutation due to partial triplet repeat expansion in FMR1
31
What is POF
Premutation repeat expansion in FMR1
32
What is the function of the FMRP protein (encoded by FMR1 gene - Fragile X associated)
Expressed abundently in neurons - may chaperone mRNAs from nucleus to translational machinery - both protein and mRNA have function
33
FMR1 full mutation --> fragile X (>200) what happens with the gene?
Hypermethylated | Reduced/Absent FMRP protein
34
FMR1 premutation --> FXTAS/POF (59-200) what happens to the gene?
Note hypermethylated | Increased FMRP RNA - may be toxic to the cell
35
Haplotype FMR1 and risk?
AGG nearby reduces risk
36
Which sex expansion risk
female (maternally unstable)
37
Where is triplet repeat expansion in fragile x?
5" UTR
38
Fragile X | Mutation type?
Loss of function
39
Fragile X tremor ataxia | Mutation type?
Gain of function
40
Huntington disease | Mutation type
Novel function