Case Studies Flashcards
1
Q
What were the primary affects in the flood in Carlisle
A
The primary affects include 3 deaths and 3000 people made homeless. As well as 350 businesses shut down. Roads and bridges were damaged.While rivers were polluted with rubbish and sewage.
2
Q
What were the secondary effects in Carlisle
A
The secondary effects include children loosing out on education as most schools were damaged one school was closed for mouths. The number of people with stress related illnesses increased in the area. In addition 3000 jobs were at risk in businesses affected by floods
3
Q
Flood management in Carlisle
A
The environment agency monitors the river levels and issues flood warnings to the public , local authorities and the media.
The council distributes sand bags when the warning has been issued.
There are man made levees along the river to prevent flooding.
4
Q
What were the immediate responses in Carlisle
A
People were evacuated from the flooded area.
Reception centres were open around Carlisle to provide food and drinks for evacuees.
Temporary accommodation was set up for the people made homeless .
5
Q
What were the long term responsesin Carlisle
A
Community groups set up to provide emotional support and practical help for people effected.
Eden and Petteril flood alleviation scheme was completed in 2008 this involves things like building flood defence walls and levees on the river to prevent flooding
6
Q
What were the causes of the flood in Carlisle England
A
Carlisle is located in the North west of England in Cumbria. On the 8th of January 2005 a flood ocured due to the river Eden’s discharge reached 1520 cumecs its average is 52 cumecs The discharge was increased by 200mm of heavy rainfall falling over 36 hours this led to the soil becoming saturate and increasing run off which then increased discharge. Another factor that contributed to the flood taking place was Carlisle being an urbanised area, the area is mostly made of impermeable rock such as concrete this also increased run off as water could not be absorbed into rocks and soil and there for increasing discharge.
7
Q
Where is river clyde
A
The river clyde is located in the north of the UK in Scotland.
8
Q
How long is the river Clyde
A
160 km long
9
Q
Where is the source of the river Clyde located.
A
Southern upland region of Scotland
10
Q
What regions of Scotland does the river clyde flow through.
A
It flows north-west through Motherwell and Glasgow.
11
Q
Where is the mouth of the river Clyde located
A
The mouth of the river clyde is an estuary on the west coast of Scotland.
12
Q
Describe details about the estuary of the river Clyde.
A
The river’s estuary is about 34 km west of Glasgow and its about 3 km wide. The river joins the firth clyde which eventually becomes the Irish sea
13
Q
Where are the river Clyde’s meanders located
A
Between Motherwell and Glasgow
14
Q
Where are river Clyde’s interlocking spurs located and how high are they.
A
Crawford they are between 300m and 500 m high
15
Q
What do the tributaries in lowther hills come together to form
A
The river clyde
16
Q
What are the two tributaries called that join together to form the river Clyde
A
Daer water and portail water
17
Q
Where is the river clydes oxbow lake forming
A
Uddingston
18
Q
Describe the falls of river clyde
A
There are four waterfalls near Lanark the highest fall is corra linn which is about 27m high. There is also a gorge in this area formed by the waterfalls retreating.
19
Q
When was the flood in south Asia, Bangladesh and India and in what rivers
A
July and august 2007 in the river Ganges and Brahmaputra
20
Q
What were the cause of the floods in south Asia
A
there was heavy rainfall in one region 900mm of rain fell in July. The continuous rainfall saturated the soil increasing run off into rivers. melting snow from glaciers in the Himalayan mountains increased the discharge of the Brahmaputra river.The peak discharge of both rivers happened at the same time which increased discharge downstream.
21
Q
What were the primary effects of the flood in south asia
A
- 2000 deaths
- 25 million made homeless
- Many factories closed and livestock were killed
- 112 000 houses destroyed in India
- rivers were polluted with rubbish and sewage
22
Q
What were the secondary effects in the flood in south asia
A
- children lost out on education as 4000 schools were effected by the flood
- 100 000 people caught water borne diseases like dysentery and diarrhoea
- flooded fields reduced basmati rice yields, prices rose by 10%
- many farmers and factory workers became unemployed
23
Q
Flood management in south asia
A
- Bangladesh has floods forecasting and warning system with 85 flood monitoring stations.
- warnings can be issued 72 hours before a flood occurs but the warnings don’t reach rural communities
- 6000 km of man made levees to prevent flooding in Bangladesh but the’re easily eroded and aren’t properly maintained so they are often breach by flood waters
24
Q
Immediate response in south asia flood
A
- Many people didn’t evacuate from the area that flooded and blocked transport links slowed down an evacuations that were attempted.
- other governments and international charities distributed food, water,medical aid.
- Technical equipment like rescue boats were send to help people who were stranded
25
Long term response in south Asia flood
International charities have funded the buildings of homes and the agriculture and fishing industries.
•some homes have been rebuilt on stilts so they're less likely to be damaged by future floods
26
When was rutland water built and were is it located
It was built in the 1970s in the east midlands of England
27
How much area does the river cover . And its filled with water from which rivers in rutland water
It covers an area of 12 km squared
| It is filled with water from the river Welland and the river Nene
28
Why was rutland water designed
It was designed to supply the east midlands with more water enough to cope with its rapid population growth in places like peterborough
29
What are the uses of rutland water
To supply the east midlands with more water
• nature reserve
• recreation
30
Economic impacts of rutland water
Boosts local economy as it is a popular tourist attraction because of its wild life and recreation facilities
• around 6km squared of land was flooded to create the reservoir this included farm land so some farmers lost their livelihoods
31
Social impacts of rutland water
Lots of recreational activities take place on and around the reservoir such as sailing windsurfing and cycling
• many jobs have been created to build and maintain the reservoir and run the nature reserve and recreational activities.
• schools use the reservoir for educational visits
•two villages were demolished to make way for the reservoir
32
Rutland water environmental impacts
The area is a site of special scientific interest were wild life is protected.
•hundred of spices of birds live around the reservoir and tens of thousands of water fowl come to rutland in winter
•a variety of habitats are found near the reservoir this means lots of different organisms live in or around the reservoir
• ospreys have been reintroduced to central england by the rutland osprey project at the reservoir
• a large area of land was flooded to create the reservoir which destroyed some habitats
33
Rutland water being managed sustainably
Water supply has to be used in a sustainable way without stopping people in the future from having enough water.
•to use the reservoir in a sustainable way people can only take out as much water as is replaced by the rivers that supply it. That way the supply will stay the same in the future
34
How were the Alps formed and where
The alps are located in central Europe they were formed 30 million years ago by collision between the African and European plates.
35
Where is the tallest peek of the alps located and how high is it
The tallest peek is located in mount blanc on the Italian french border
It is 4810 meters high
36
What is the alps population
12 million
37
What are the uses of the alsp
```
Farming
Tourism
Mining
Forestry
HEP
```
38
How are the Alps used for farming
The steep upland area are used to farm goats which provide milk cheese and meat.
Some sunnier slopes have been terraced to plant vineyards
39
How are the alps used for tourism
100million tourist visit the alps each year making tourism a huge part of the economy.
•70%of the tourist visit the steep snow covered mountains in the winter for skiing snowboarding and ice climbing
In summer tourist use it for walking mountain biking and climbing
•new villages has been built to cater to tourists eg in tignes france
•ski runs ski lifts cable cars holiday chalets and resturants all everywhere in the land scape
40
HEP in the alps
60% of the electricity In the Bernes area in switzerland is from HEP in the alps
• The electricity produced is used locally to power homes and businesses it's also exported to towns and cities further away
41
What are the narrow valleys in the alps used for
To generate HEP
42
How is HEP generated in the alps
The narrow valleys are dammed to generate HEP
43
Minning is the alps
Salt ,iron ore,gold,silver and copper were mined in the alps but the mining has declined dramatically due to cheaper foreign sources
44
Foresty in the alps
Scots pine is planted all over the alps because it's more resilient to the munching goats which kill native tree saplings.the trees are logged and sold to make things like furniture
45
How have people adapted to the conditions in the Alps
Goats are farmed there because the are adapted to steep relief
•trees and man made defences are used to protect against avalanches and rock slides
•animals are grazed in most high area as the soil isnt great for growing crops
•roads have been built over passes such as the brenner pass between austria and italy but the can be blocked by snow so tunnels have been cut through mountains to provide fast transport links .
46
When did the earthquake in L'Aquila italy occur and what was it's size
6th April 2009
| Size- 6.3 on richter scale
47
What was the cause of the earthquake in L'Aquila
Movement along a crack in the plate at a destructive margin
48
What were the preparation for the L'Aquila earthquake
There were laws on construction standards but some modern buildings hadn't been built to with stand earthquakes
•Italy has civil protection departments that trains volunteers to help with things like rescue operation
49
What were the primary effects of the L'Aquila earthquake
2000 deaths mostly from collapsed buildings
•hundreds of people injured
•thousand of buildings were destroyed or damaged
•a bridge near fossa collapsed and a water pipe was broken near the town of paganica
50
What were the secondary effects of the earthquake in L'Aquila
After shocks hampered rescue efforts and caused more damage
•thousands of people were made homeless
•fire in some collapsed buildings cause more damage
• broken water pipe near the town of paganica
51
What were the immediate response in the earthquake in L'Aquila
Camps set up for homeless people with water and food and medical care
•Ambulances fire engines and the army were send in to rescue survivors
•cranes and diggers were send to remove rubble
•international teams with guard dogs were sent to look for survivors
•money was provided by the government to pay rent and gas and electricity bills were suspended
52
Long term responses for L'Aquila earthquake
The Italian minister promised to build a new town to replace L'Aquila as the capital area
•an investigation going to look into why the modern buildings were not built to withstand earthquakes
53
When did the flood in Carlisle occur
8th January 2005
54
Where is Carlisle
In Cumbria north west of England
55
What river flooded in Carlisle
River Eden
56
When did The Kashmir Pakistan earthquake occur and what was it's size
8th October 2005
| It' size was 7.6 on the richter scale
57
What was the cause of the Kashmir earthquake
Movement along a crack in the plate at a destructive plate margin
58
What were the preparation of the Kashmir earthquake
There was no local disaster planning in place
•building were not designed to be earthquake resistant
•communications were poor there were a few roads and they were badly constructed
59
What were the primary effects of the kashmir earthquake
80 000 deaths mostly from collapsed buildings
•hundreds of thousand injured
•entire villages and thousands of buildings were destroyed
•water pipes and electricity lines were broken cutting off supply
60
Secondary effects of Kashmir earthquake
* Landslides buried people and buildings and also blocked access roads and cut off water supplies ,electricity supplies and telephone lines
* 3million made homeless
* diarrhoea and other diseases spread due to little clean water
* fizzing winter conditions shortly after the earthquake meant rescue and rebuilding operations were difficult
61
Immediate response of kashmir earthquake
Help didn't reach for many days or weeks
•people had to be rescued by hand without any equipment or help from emergency services
•tents blankets and medical supplies were distributed within a mouth but not all to area affected
•international aid and equipment such as helicopters and rescue dogs were bought in as well as teams of people from other countries
62
Long term response in kashmir earthquake
40 thousand people have been relocated to a new town from the destroyed town of balakot
•government money has been given to people whose homes had been destroyed so they can rebuild themselves
•training has been provided to help rebuild more buildings as earthquake resistant
•new health centres have been set up in the area
63
When did the volcano irrupt in Montserrat
June 25th 1997
64
Where is Montserrat
Soufrière hills
65
What was the size of the montserrate volcani eruption
Huge 4-5 millon m cubed pf rock and ash were released
66
What was the cause of the mount serrate earthquake
Montserrat is above a destructive plate margin where the atlantic plate is being forced under the Caribbean plate
Magna rose up through weak poinys under the soufriere hills forming an underground pool of magma the rock above the pool collapsed opening a vent and causing the eruption
67
Primary impacts of montserrate
Large areas covered with volcanic material the capital city Plymouth was buried under 12m of mud and ash
•over 20 villages and 2 thirds of homes were destroyed by pyroclastic flows
•schools , hospitals the airport and the port were destroyed
•vegetation and farmland were destroyed
•19 people died
68
Secondary impacts of montserrate
Fires destroyed many buildings including local government offices the police headquarters and the towns central petrol station
•tourist stayed away and businesses were destroyed disrupting the economy
• population decline 8000 of 12000 inhabitants left the island since the eruption began in 1995
•volcanic ash has improved soil fertility
•tourism on the island is now increasing as people come to see the volcano
69
Immediate responses montserrate
People were evacuated from the south to safe areas in the north
•shelters were built to house evacuees
•temporary infrastructure was also built such as roads and electricity supply
•the Uk provided 17 million of emergency aid
•local emergency services provided support units to search for and rescue survivors
70
Long term responses montserrate
A risk map was created and an exclusion zone is in place the south of the island is off limits while the volcano is still active
•the UK has provided £41 million to develop the north of the island new docks an airport and houses have been built north
•the montserrate volcano observatory has been set up to try and predict future volcano s
71
When was the tsunami in the indian ocean
26th December 2004
72
What was the cause of the tsunami in the indian ocean
There is a destructive plate margin along the west coast of Indonesia in the indian ocean.the the plate thats moving down Into the mantle cracked and moved very quickly which caused a lot of water to be displaced. This triggered a tsunami with waves up to 30m high
73
Why did the Indian Ocean tsunami cause so much destruction
There was no early warning system
74
What were the effects of the tsunami
230 000 people killed or still missing
•Whole town and villages destroyed 1.7million lost their homes
•the infrastructure of many countries was severely damaged
•5-6 million people needed emergency food water and medical supplies
• there was a massive economic damage millions of fishermen lost their livelihoods
•tourism industry suffered because of the destruction and because people were afraid to go on holiday there
75
Short Term responses of indian ocean tsunami
Within days hundreds of millions of pounds had been pledged by foreign governments, charities individuals and businesses to give survivors food water shelter and medical attention
•foreign countries send ships planes soldiers and teams of specialist to help rescue people distribute food and water and begin clearing up
76
Long term responses of indian ocean
Billions of pounds have been pledged to help re build the infrastructure of the countries affected
• money programmes have been set up to re build houses and help people get back to work
•tsunami warning systems have been put in place in the indian ocean
• disaster management plans have been put in place is some countries
•volunteers have been trained so that local people know what to do if a tsunami happens again
77
What is new forest and how big is it
A national park
| It is 375 km squared
78
What is the new forest used for
The new forest is used for timber, farm ing and recreation
79
How much timber is produced from the new forest each year and what is it used for
50thousand tonnes
| Local mills make fencing products out of the timber
80
How many visitors visit new forest each year and what do they use it for
* 20million visitors
| * For recreational activities such as walking cycling and wildlife watching
81
How is it managed sustainably
Areas cleared of trees are either replanted or restored to other habitats pike heathland
•walkers and cyclist are encouraged to stick to footpaths and cycle paths to limit damage to surrounding habitats
• dogs aren't allowed near wildlife breeding sites at certain times of the year these measures help to conserve wildlife so its still there for future generations
•recreational users are encouraged to act responsibly by closing gates and picking littre home by information at the national park and local information points
•
82
Where is the tropical rainforest how much area does it cover
North of south america
| It covers 8km2
83
How much of the rain forest has been destroyed and since when
Since 1970 over 600 000 km2 have been destroyed by deforestation
84
Why is the rain forest deforested
* Cattle ranching
* Subsistence farming
* Logging
* Mining, urbanisation, road construction,dams and fires
* commercial farming
85
Environmental impacts of deforestation in the rainforest
Habitat destruction and loss of bio diversity ,the number of endangered species in Brazil increased from 218 in 1989 to 628 in 2008
•the amazon stores around 100 billion tonnes of carbon deforestation will release some of this carbon as carbon dioxide which causes global warming
86
Social impacts of the tropical rainforest
Local ways of life have been effected as Brazilian rubber tappers have lost their livelihoods as rubber trees have been cut off
•native tribes have been forced to move for example some of the guarani tribe in brazil have moved because their land was taken for cattle ranching and sugar plantations
•there conflict between land owners substantial farmers and native people in 2009 they were riots in Peru over rainforest destruction and hundreds of native indians were killed or injured
87
Economic impacts of the tropical rain forest
Farming makes a lot of money for countries in the rain forest eg in 2008 Brazil made 6.9 billion from trading cattle
The mining in industry creates jobs for loads of people the buenaventura mining company in peru employs over 3100 people
88
Sustainable management strategies used in the rain forest
Some deforested area are being replanted Peru plans to replant 100 thousand km2 by 2018
•some countries are trying to reduce the number of hardwood trees felled for example Brazil banned mahogany logging in 2001 and seizes timber from illegal logging companies
•ecotourism is becoming more popular
•laws such as land owners have to keep 50 to 80 percent of their land as forest
•national parks eg word heritage site
89
Where is mount st helens located
Washington state USA
90
When did the volcano erupt
18th may 1980
91
Cause of volcano st helens eruption
Mount st helens is at a destructive plate margin
92
Primary effects mount st helen
hot ash and gas destroyed forests and logging camps.
•63 people were killed, mainly by poisonous gases.
•mudflows of ash and water)covered an extensive area surrounding the volcano.
93
Secondary effects of mount st helens
Ash blocked rivers destroying popular fishing sites and causing flooding.
This lead to crops and livestock being destroyed
•Flooding destroyed communications such as road and railway bridges.
•Sediment carried downstream ruined barge transport on the Columbia River.
94
Short term responses mount st helens
* Communications such as roads and bridges were repaired.
| * People were rehoused.
95
Long term responses mount st helens
* Soil fertility improved due to the ash deposits.
* The volcano is now more carefully monitored.
* Tourism has increased, boosting the local economy.
