Case studies

Question 1

Name 2 categories an observer used to code the pps behavior during euphoria condition

Answer 1

• Joins activity

- Ignores stooge

Question 2

Conclusion for schachter and singer

Answer 2

There are two factors involved when we experience emotions; a biological and cognitive one

Question 3

Outline Model/Rival technique

Answer 3

• One human acts as a trainer to a second human
• They present objects and ask questions about th e object
• They are given praise and rewarded for correct answers
• They show disapproval of incorrect answers
• The parrot is allowed to participate in any v erbal exchanges

Question 4

What happened to the boy’s rating of distress from session 2 to 4?

Answer 4

increased

Question 5

Describe the disgust-related exposure sessions

Answer 5

He had to imagine buttons falling on him, how they looked, felt, and smelled
He had to imagine hugging his mother with buttons on her shirt
He was asked how they looked
It progressed from larger to smaller

Question 6

Aim of pepperberg?

Answer 6

To investigate if an avian species can understand the concept of same and differences

Question 7

Features of samples used in Dement and Kleitman?

Answer 7

9
Adults
Most were male

Question 8

2 assumptions of cognitive approach?

Answer 8

Behaviour and emotion can be explained by the role of thinking processes like attention, memory and language
Similarities and differences between people can be understood via cognitions

Question 9

Describe the result from chimpanzee Pan in the first “can see” condition

Answer 9

Pan did not offer a potential tool significantly more than a nontool: she offered brush 79.5% on first-trial attempts

Question 10

Describe the procedure of experiment 2 in the study by Laney (false memory) from when the pps began viewing slides of food until the end of the study

Answer 10

They completed 4 ratings for each slides
These were of common foods
Each slide was displayed for 30s
They rated how appetizing/disgusting the food was
They also rated experience of artistic quality of photo
Ratings were on 8 point scale (1-8)
Then, they completed RQ/FPQ/FHI (second time)
They also completed a Memory or Belief questionnaire

Question 11

Features of experimenter in Milgram?

Answer 11

Wearing grey coat
Male
Early 30s

Question 12

At the start of the study, pps were told that we know very little about the effect of punishment on learning. Describe what else pps heard

Answer 12

This is because almost no scientific studies have been conducted
We don’t know how much punishment is best for learning
We also don’t know how much difference it makes as to who is giving the punishment.

Question 13

Schater and Singer advantages and disadvantages

Answer 13

Advantages: Independant measure design
Lab experiment
Disadvantages: Low generalizability
Lack of ecological validity

Question 14

Describe the incident that the boy recalls that started his phobia

Answer 14

In Kindergarten, art class, he went to the front to get some more buttons but because his hands slipped as he reached out for the bowl, the buttons fell on him.

Question 15

Outline the result from the 6-months follow up

Answer 15

Reported minimal distress

He continued to wear clear plastic buttons

Question 16

One psychological concept that was investigated in Yamamoto?

Answer 16

Empathy: Ability to understand other people’s emotional state by imagining what it would be like to be in that position

Question 17

One result from First can see condition?

Answer 17

All chimpanzees, except for Pan first offered potential tool significantly more than non tools

Question 18

Outline one result about helping a victim with no model present

Answer 18

When the victim was black and drunk, help was given 73% of the time and when the victim was white and drunk, it was 100%

Question 19

Describe the procedure of Dement and Kleitman (when the pps arrived at the laboratory until the pps fell asleep)

Answer 19

They were told to eat normally
They were told to avoid alcohol and caffiene
They had 2 electrodes near their eyes
The pps then went to bed in dark room

Question 20

Give instruction for replicating Epi - Inf condition

Answer 20

You must tell the pps that the study is about vision
You must tell them that it is about how vitamins affect vision
You must tell them that the injection is mild
You must tell them there may be side effects
Tell them they will last about 15 minutes or so

Question 21

Conclusion from Baron-cohen?

Answer 21

People diagnosed with AS/HFA lack theory of mind, so they find it difficult to show empathy or difficult to understand the emotions of others

Question 22

What did the observer recorded about pps in adjacent area?

Answer 22

Comments they were giving
Race/gender
Time taken for first helper to arrive if no model present

Question 23

Describe one result about the gender of “spontaneous first helpers”

Answer 23

More males were spontaneous first helpers compared to gemlaes as 90% of spontaneous first helpers were male

Question 24

Why is saavedra and Silverman learning approach?

Answer 24

Part of his therapy was based on operant conditioning. He was rewarded for being able to handle buttons on the Feeling Thermometer

Question 25

Describe the procedure of the First Can see and Cannot see condition

Answer 25

First can see:
- The chimpanzees were in adjacent booths
- There was a transparent panel
- Each chimp was either a helper or recipient
- There was a task that needed a stick or straw to solve
- All chimps had a tray of 7 objects
Cannot see:
- The chimpanzees were in adjacent booths
- The wall between was opaque
- Except for small window that could on be accessed if a chimpanzee purposely wanted to look through it.

Question 26

Psychology investigated in Canli?

Answer 26

• An fMRI is a non-invasive technique
• Radio waves are coupled with a strong magnetic field to create the scan output
• This allows a researcher to look at blood flow in the brain during mental activities
• The amygdala was investigated about its links with memories
• The amygdala has different functions in different hemisphere

Question 27

Describe how children were rated on aggressive behavior in their nursery school

Answer 27

Rated on 4 different scales about aggression\
By experimenter and nursery school teacher
Scales: physical aggression/verbal aggression/aggression towards inanimate objects
They were rated independantly

Question 28

Milgram strength and weakness

Answer 28

Strength:

• Standardised procedure: verbal prods were used
• High validity: lab experiment
• collected qualitative data: about pps’ behavior and what they said: this can be used to explain why pps did or did not obey the experimenter and also it provides detailed information

Weakness:

• Low generalizability (pps were all males and came from same local area)
• Lack of ecological validity

Question 29

Outline one conclusion for Yamamoto

Answer 29

The study suggests that chimpanzees can target help; when they understand the needs of another chimpanzee

Question 30

In schachter and Singer, how was the category of initiates new activity was operationalised

Answer 30

If the pps gave creative euphoria

They initiated euphoric behaviour outside of stooge’s routine

Question 31

Describe the results from the activity index in the euphoria condition for the (Epi Inf) compared to (Epi mis) groups (must use data)

Answer 31

The EPI-INF scored lower with a score of 12 compared to the EPI-MIS with a score of 22

Question 32

One or more real world application for Laney

Answer 32

Healthier diets
Helping cancer patients improve their diets
Treating PTSD

Question 33

Samples from Milgram?

Answer 33

All males
Wide range of occupations
From New Haven area
Aged 20-50

Question 34

Why is Milgram social approach?

Answer 34

The study was looking how an individual affects ppl’s ability to be obedient
The experimenter would give prods to pps when they refused to stop to try to keep them giving larger shocks

Question 35

Describe the procedure of the study by Andrade from the point when the tape had finished playing

Answer 35

Experimenter collected in the response sheets
The experimenter apologised for misleading them about the memory test
They were given surprise recall test
Half the pps were asked to recall names first
Half ths pps were asked to recall places
Debriefing happened
Pps were asked if they suspected a memory test

Question 36

Psychology investigated from Bandura?

Answer 36

social learning theory: People pay attention to a role model
They retain this information in their memory
They must feel like they are capable of imitating the behaviour
They must feel motivated to want to imitate the beahviour
Aggression can be physical and verbal

Question 37

With the example of Piliavin, explain the concept of individual explanation

Answer 37

The observers recorded comments from people about their helping or non-helping behaviour.
Examples of these were “I wish I could help him but I am not strong enough” or “It’s for men to help”.
These are individual beliefs about the incident and can help to explain helping/non-helping behaviour.
Each person had a different take on the incident and decided what to do based on that

Question 38

With the example of Piliavin, explain the concept of situational explanation

Answer 38

Only on 73% of trials did people help a black drunk victim whereas for the other three conditions (white drunk victim), on 100% of trials was help given when no model as present.
Clearly, the situation that involved an interaction between a particular race and condition of victim stopped some people from helping. This situation had decreased helping behaviour in people in those trials.

Question 39

Dement and Kleitman ADV and DIS

Answer 39

ADV:

• High internal validity:
• Laboratory experiment
• Lot of control over extraneous variable
• Participants not drinking alcohol or caffeine containing drinks
• Waking up with same doorbell
• Collected qualitative data:
• sample’s explanation about their dream explained the reason of eye movement
• quantitative data collected: counting numbers of pps recalled the dream for each of REM and nREM sleep
• easier to replicate