Case studies Flashcards
Name 2 categories an observer used to code the pps behavior during euphoria condition
- Joins activity
- Ignores stooge
Conclusion for schachter and singer
There are two factors involved when we experience emotions; a biological and cognitive one
Outline Model/Rival technique
- One human acts as a trainer to a second human
- They present objects and ask questions about th e object
- They are given praise and rewarded for correct answers
- They show disapproval of incorrect answers
- The parrot is allowed to participate in any v erbal exchanges
What happened to the boy’s rating of distress from session 2 to 4?
increased
Describe the disgust-related exposure sessions
He had to imagine buttons falling on him, how they looked, felt, and smelled
He had to imagine hugging his mother with buttons on her shirt
He was asked how they looked
It progressed from larger to smaller
Aim of pepperberg?
To investigate if an avian species can understand the concept of same and differences
Features of samples used in Dement and Kleitman?
9
Adults
Most were male
2 assumptions of cognitive approach?
Behaviour and emotion can be explained by the role of thinking processes like attention, memory and language
Similarities and differences between people can be understood via cognitions
Describe the result from chimpanzee Pan in the first “can see” condition
Pan did not offer a potential tool significantly more than a nontool: she offered brush 79.5% on first-trial attempts
Describe the procedure of experiment 2 in the study by Laney (false memory) from when the pps began viewing slides of food until the end of the study
They completed 4 ratings for each slides
These were of common foods
Each slide was displayed for 30s
They rated how appetizing/disgusting the food was
They also rated experience of artistic quality of photo
Ratings were on 8 point scale (1-8)
Then, they completed RQ/FPQ/FHI (second time)
They also completed a Memory or Belief questionnaire
Features of experimenter in Milgram?
Wearing grey coat
Male
Early 30s
At the start of the study, pps were told that we know very little about the effect of punishment on learning. Describe what else pps heard
This is because almost no scientific studies have been conducted
We don’t know how much punishment is best for learning
We also don’t know how much difference it makes as to who is giving the punishment.
Schater and Singer advantages and disadvantages
Advantages: Independant measure design
Lab experiment
Disadvantages: Low generalizability
Lack of ecological validity
Describe the incident that the boy recalls that started his phobia
In Kindergarten, art class, he went to the front to get some more buttons but because his hands slipped as he reached out for the bowl, the buttons fell on him.
Outline the result from the 6-months follow up
Reported minimal distress
He continued to wear clear plastic buttons
One psychological concept that was investigated in Yamamoto?
Empathy: Ability to understand other people’s emotional state by imagining what it would be like to be in that position
One result from First can see condition?
All chimpanzees, except for Pan first offered potential tool significantly more than non tools
Outline one result about helping a victim with no model present
When the victim was black and drunk, help was given 73% of the time and when the victim was white and drunk, it was 100%
Describe the procedure of Dement and Kleitman (when the pps arrived at the laboratory until the pps fell asleep)
They were told to eat normally
They were told to avoid alcohol and caffiene
They had 2 electrodes near their eyes
The pps then went to bed in dark room
Give instruction for replicating Epi - Inf condition
You must tell the pps that the study is about vision
You must tell them that it is about how vitamins affect vision
You must tell them that the injection is mild
You must tell them there may be side effects
Tell them they will last about 15 minutes or so
Conclusion from Baron-cohen?
People diagnosed with AS/HFA lack theory of mind, so they find it difficult to show empathy or difficult to understand the emotions of others
What did the observer recorded about pps in adjacent area?
Comments they were giving
Race/gender
Time taken for first helper to arrive if no model present
Describe one result about the gender of “spontaneous first helpers”
More males were spontaneous first helpers compared to gemlaes as 90% of spontaneous first helpers were male
Why is saavedra and Silverman learning approach?
Part of his therapy was based on operant conditioning. He was rewarded for being able to handle buttons on the Feeling Thermometer
Describe the procedure of the First Can see and Cannot see condition
First can see:
- The chimpanzees were in adjacent booths
- There was a transparent panel
- Each chimp was either a helper or recipient
- There was a task that needed a stick or straw to solve
- All chimps had a tray of 7 objects
Cannot see:
- The chimpanzees were in adjacent booths
- The wall between was opaque
- Except for small window that could on be accessed if a chimpanzee purposely wanted to look through it.
Psychology investigated in Canli?
- An fMRI is a non-invasive technique
- Radio waves are coupled with a strong magnetic field to create the scan output
- This allows a researcher to look at blood flow in the brain during mental activities
- The amygdala was investigated about its links with memories
- The amygdala has different functions in different hemisphere
Describe how children were rated on aggressive behavior in their nursery school
Rated on 4 different scales about aggression\
By experimenter and nursery school teacher
Scales: physical aggression/verbal aggression/aggression towards inanimate objects
They were rated independantly
Milgram strength and weakness
Strength:
- Standardised procedure: verbal prods were used
- High validity: lab experiment
- collected qualitative data: about pps’ behavior and what they said: this can be used to explain why pps did or did not obey the experimenter and also it provides detailed information
Weakness:
- Low generalizability (pps were all males and came from same local area)
- Lack of ecological validity
Outline one conclusion for Yamamoto
The study suggests that chimpanzees can target help; when they understand the needs of another chimpanzee
In schachter and Singer, how was the category of initiates new activity was operationalised
If the pps gave creative euphoria
They initiated euphoric behaviour outside of stooge’s routine
Describe the results from the activity index in the euphoria condition for the (Epi Inf) compared to (Epi mis) groups (must use data)
The EPI-INF scored lower with a score of 12 compared to the EPI-MIS with a score of 22
One or more real world application for Laney
Healthier diets
Helping cancer patients improve their diets
Treating PTSD
Samples from Milgram?
All males
Wide range of occupations
From New Haven area
Aged 20-50
Why is Milgram social approach?
The study was looking how an individual affects ppl’s ability to be obedient
The experimenter would give prods to pps when they refused to stop to try to keep them giving larger shocks
Describe the procedure of the study by Andrade from the point when the tape had finished playing
Experimenter collected in the response sheets
The experimenter apologised for misleading them about the memory test
They were given surprise recall test
Half the pps were asked to recall names first
Half ths pps were asked to recall places
Debriefing happened
Pps were asked if they suspected a memory test
Psychology investigated from Bandura?
social learning theory: People pay attention to a role model
They retain this information in their memory
They must feel like they are capable of imitating the behaviour
They must feel motivated to want to imitate the beahviour
Aggression can be physical and verbal
With the example of Piliavin, explain the concept of individual explanation
The observers recorded comments from people about their helping or non-helping behaviour.
Examples of these were “I wish I could help him but I am not strong enough” or “It’s for men to help”.
These are individual beliefs about the incident and can help to explain helping/non-helping behaviour.
Each person had a different take on the incident and decided what to do based on that
With the example of Piliavin, explain the concept of situational explanation
Only on 73% of trials did people help a black drunk victim whereas for the other three conditions (white drunk victim), on 100% of trials was help given when no model as present.
Clearly, the situation that involved an interaction between a particular race and condition of victim stopped some people from helping. This situation had decreased helping behaviour in people in those trials.
Dement and Kleitman ADV and DIS
ADV:
- High internal validity:
- Laboratory experiment
- Lot of control over extraneous variable
- Participants not drinking alcohol or caffeine containing drinks
- Waking up with same doorbell
- Collected qualitative data:
- sample’s explanation about their dream explained the reason of eye movement
- quantitative data collected: counting numbers of pps recalled the dream for each of REM and nREM sleep
- easier to replicate
