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Week 6 - Asthma > Case ILOs > Flashcards

Case ILOs Flashcards

1
Q

What is gas exchange in the lungs?

A

The process by which oxygen enters the blood and carbon dioxide is removed.

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2
Q

Where does gas exchange occur in the lungs?

A

In the alveoli, which are tiny air sacs surrounded by capillaries.

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3
Q

What drives the process of gas exchange in the alveoli?

A

The diffusion of gases due to partial pressure gradients.

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4
Q

Which anatomical features of alveoli optimize gas exchange?

A

Thin walls, large surface area, and close proximity to capillaries.

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5
Q

What brainstem centers are involved in controlling ventilation?

A

The medulla oblongata and pons.

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6
Q

How is hypoxia detected in the body?

A

By peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid and aortic bodies.

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7
Q

What is hypoxia?

A

A condition where there is a deficiency of oxygen in the tissues.

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8
Q

What is hypercapnia?

A

An excess of carbon dioxide in the bloodstream.

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9
Q

Which receptors detect hypercapnia?

A

Central chemoreceptors in the medulla.

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10
Q

Name two common environmental triggers of asthma.

A

Allergens (e.g., pollen) and air pollutants.

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11
Q

What is the prevalence of asthma globally?

A

Asthma affects about 300 million people worldwide.

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12
Q

What role does genetics play in asthma?

A

Family history of asthma or atopy increases risk.

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13
Q

What is atopy?

A

A genetic predisposition to develop allergic reactions.

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14
Q

Define bronchospasm in asthma.

A

The sudden constriction of the muscles in the bronchioles.

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14
Q

What is bronchial hyperresponsiveness?

A

An exaggerated response of the airways to stimuli, causing narrowing.

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15
Q

What causes wheezing in asthma?

A

Narrowing of the airways leading to turbulent airflow.

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16
Q

What immune mechanism underlies atopy in asthma?

A

IgE-mediated hypersensitivity to allergens.

17
Q

What is the effect of mucus overproduction in asthma?

A

It blocks airways and impedes airflow.

18
Q

Which parts of the bronchial tree are primarily affected in asthma?

A

The small airways, including bronchioles.

18
Q

How does inflammation affect the bronchial tree in asthma?

A

Causes swelling and thickening of the airway walls.

19
Q

Give an example of an agonist used in asthma treatment.

A

Beta-agonists like albuterol (salbutamol).

19
Q

Define agonist in pharmacology.

A

A drug that binds to a receptor and activates it to produce a biological response.

20
Q

Define antagonist in pharmacology.

A

A drug that binds to a receptor but does not activate it, blocking other substances from binding.

21
Q

Give an example of an antagonist and its function.

A

Beta-blockers, which are contraindicated in asthma as they can cause bronchoconstriction.

21
Q

How is peak flow used in asthma assessment?

A

Measures the maximum speed of exhalation, indicating airway narrowing.

22
Q

What does a low peak flow measurement indicate?

A

Severe airway obstruction.

23
Q

Why is oxygen saturation measured in asthma?

A

To assess the degree of hypoxia.

24
Q

Where are β2-adrenoceptors primarily located?

A

In the lungs, where they mediate bronchodilation.

24
Q

Name a sign of severe asthma exacerbation on physical examination.

A

Use of accessory muscles during breathing.

25
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of beta-agonists in asthma?

A

They stimulate β2-adrenoceptors, leading to bronchodilation.

25
Q

Why are non-selective beta-blockers contraindicated in asthma?

A

They can block β2 receptors, causing bronchoconstriction.

26
Q

Name a common side effect of beta-agonists.

A

Tachycardia (increased heart rate).

27
Q

How do steroids help in asthma treatment?

A

They reduce inflammation in the airways.

28
Q

What device is used to measure lung volumes and airflow?

A

Spirometer.

28
Q

What is a side effect of long-term steroid use?

A

Risk of osteoporosis and adrenal suppression.

29
Q

What does a low FEV1/FVC ratio indicate?

A

Obstructive airway disease like asthma.

30
Q

Define peak flow.

A

The maximum flow rate achieved during a forceful exhalation.

31
Q

Why is accuracy important in peak flow measurement?

A

It provides information on the severity of airway obstruction.

32
Q

What is the necessity-concerns framework?

A

A model explaining medication adherence based on perceived need versus concerns.

33
Q

Describe the spirit of motivational interviewing.

A

Collaborative, empathetic, and patient-centered approach for behavior change.

Week 6 - Asthma (2 decks)

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