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Principles of Human Health and Disease > Case 5: Trapped Brain > Flashcards

Case 5: Trapped Brain Flashcards

1
Q

What is the absolute refractory period?

A

threshold to repolarisation

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2
Q

What is the relative refractory period?

A

repolarization to resting

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3
Q

What four things make up the basal ganglia?

A

substantia nigra
striatum
globus pallidus (internal = inhibitory neuron)
subthalamic nucleus

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4
Q

What is a CT scan good for?

A

bones

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5
Q

What is an MRI good for and what does it use?

A

soft tissue

magnetic fields and radio waves

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6
Q

What are the components of the corticospinal tract?

A

motor cortex
brain stem
spinal cord
skeletal muscle

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7
Q

Motor signals also sent where..?

A 
Basal ganglia (conscious)
Cerebellum (unconscious)
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8
Q

Where do the dopamine neurons project into?

A

striatum

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9
Q

What is the BBB made up of?

A

endothelial cells
basement membrane
astrocytic end feet

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10
Q

What is involved in the direct pathway?

A

making movement

cortex excites striatum, striatum inhibits globus PI, GPI no longer inhibits thalamus, thalamus is free to excite the cortex

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11
Q

What is involved in the indirect pathway?

A

no movement

motor cortex excites the striatum, striatum inhibits GPE, GP can’t inhibit subthalamic nucleus, SN excites GPI which no longer inhibits thalamus, the thalamus is then free to excite the cortex

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12
Q

3 step dopamine creation pathway

A

tyrosine
L-Dopa
dopamine

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13
Q

What is anosmia?

A

loss of sense of smell

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14
Q

What do people with PD lose sense of smell?

A

Lewy bodies in olfactory epithelium

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15
Q

What is a long term consequence of PD treatment?

A

dyskinesia (dysfunctional movement)

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16
Q

What are 2 disorders of the cerebellum?

A

intention tremor

cerebellar ataxia

17
Q

What kind of proteins are present in cases of PD?

A

Lewy bodies

18
Q

What are the TRAP symptoms of PD?

A

tremors
rigidity
akinesia
postural instability

19
Q

What is bradykinesia?

A

slow movement

20
Q

What are 3 movement disorders of the basal ganglia?

A

akinesia
hypokinesia
bradykinesia

21
Q

What occurs during deep brain stimulation?

A

2 electrodes into the globus pallidus

22
Q

What is madopar?

A

L-Dopa and benserazide (antagonist)

23
Q

How is dopamine removed from synapse?

A

reuptake by dopamine active transporter (presynaptic)

or degraded by COMT or MAO

24
Q

Where can a high concentration of microglia be found and why?

A

substantia nigra

dopamine oxidises easily and produces free radicals

Principles of Human Health and Disease (5 decks)

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