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SEM1 BIOSCIENCE > Case 5 > Flashcards

Case 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What immune cells are classified as granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

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2
Q

How are macrophages classified?

A

Non-granulocytes

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3
Q

What receptors are used by the innate immune system to recognise pathogens?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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4
Q

What are PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

Molecular patterns found in the binding domains of PPRs that recognise general molecules associated with pathogens

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5
Q

What are the most common subset of PPRs? What do they recognise?

A

Toll-like receptors

High affinity for both extracellular material (flagellum and lipoproteins) and intracellular material (dsDNA)

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6
Q

Name the four most common phagocytes in the immune response

A

Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Neutrophil
Mast cell

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7
Q

From which stem cell lineage are Leukocytes derived?

A

Hematopoetic stem cells

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8
Q

Innate immunity can be divided into 3 separate responses, what are they?

A

Physical barriers
Defence mechanisms
General immune response

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9
Q

Name the innate immune defence mechanisms….

A

Bodily secretions (mucus, bile, gastric acid etc)
Lactoferrin
Defensins

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10
Q

What two cell types target extracellular pathogens?

A

Eosinophils

Mast cells

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11
Q

From what cells are both macrophages and dendritic cells derived from?

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

What is the most important immune cell responsible for the clearance of bacterial infections?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

How do neutrophils destroy pathogens?

A

PPR activation

Granulate release

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14
Q

As well as mast cells, what other immune cell displays the FCE receptor?

A

Basophils

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15
Q

What molecule do macrophages and neutrophils use to display to t cells?

A

MHC class II

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16
Q

What cell types do natural killer cells target?

A

Infected host cells

Host cells that do not display MHCI

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17
Q

What is an opsonin?

A

A molecule that facilitates phagocytosis

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18
Q

What is a defensin?

A

Cationic protein found in the granules of phagocytes to combat pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

Vasodilator/bronchoconstrictor

Secreted by mast cells at site of inflammation

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20
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

Vasodilators

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21
Q

What are selectins?

A

Adhesion molecules that develop on the vascular endothelial lumen
They recruit immune cells via binding nuetrophils

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22
Q

What are integrins?

A

Adhesion molecules that promote diapedesis

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23
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anticoagulant secreted by basophils

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24
Q

What is the function of lactoferrins?

A

Bind iron hence inhibiting iron dependent bacterial growth

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25
What is the effect of IL1 and TNFa?
the main pro-inflammatory cytokines | Cause adhesion molecule stimulation, vasodilation and fever
26
What are the main effects of IL2?
Both Th1 and Th2 cell stimulation
27
What are the main effects of IL3?
Eosinophil chemotactic agent
28
What is the main effect of IL4?
``` Secreted by Th2 cells to stimulate B cell clonal expansion Causes B cell class switching ```
29
What is the main effect of IL5?
B-cell differentiation factor | Causes differentiation into effector plasma cells
30
What is the main effect of IL6?
Secreted by osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclasts
31
What is the main effect of IL8?
Neutrophil chemotactic factor (inflammation) | Promoter of angiogenesis
32
What is the main effect of IL12?
Produced by langerhans cells | Causes Th0 cells to commit to Th1 lineage
33
What is the main effect of IFNy?
Macrophage activation
34
What is the main function of platelet activating factor?
Increase vascular permebility
35
How is the classical complement pathway activated?
C1 binds antigen-antibody complex C3 convertase activated C3b produced MAC formed
36
How is the alternate complement pathway activated?
Direct binding of C3b to pathogen
37
How is the mannose binding lectin pathway activated?
MBL binds to mannose residues on surface of pathogen | MASP activated
38
What are the components of the MAC?
C5B, C6, C7, C8
39
How do pyrogens cause an increase in body temperature?
Release of PGE2 | PGE2 binds at hypothalamus to reset biological thermostat
40
What is the purpose of fever? (4 reasons)
Speed up immunological reactions Increase leukocyte mobility Decrease effect of endotoxins Increased T cell proliferation
41
How is temperature increase achieved?
Vasoconstriction Shivering Increase in basal metabolic rate
42
What are the main endogenous pyrogens?
IL1, IL6
43
Give an example of an exogenous pyrogen...
Microbe components eg. lipopolysaccharide binding protein
44
Where does B cell maturation take place?
Bone marrow
45
What are the two stages to B cell maturation?
Immunocompetence | Self-tolerance
46
What division of T cells are responsible for B cell stimulation?
Th2 cells
47
What are the 3 signals necessary for a B cell to differentiate into an effector plasma cell? (Th2)
MHCII-CD4+Th2 cell interaction CD40:CD40L co-stimulation Cytokines IL2, IL4, IL5
48
What are the five effector functions of antibodies?
``` Endotoxin neutralisation Opsonisation Agglutination Effect cell activation Complement activation ```
49
What is the structure/function of IgM antibodies?
Pentamer Monomer is B cell receptor Most efficient at activation of complement Produced early in primary response
50
What is the structure/function of IgG antibodies?
Monomer Good at opsonisation and pathogen neutralisation Crosses placenta to provide passive immunity to foetus Activates complement
51
What is the structure/function of IgA antibodies?
Dimer- linked by J chain Found in mucosal areas Secreted in saliva, tears and colostrum
52
What is the function of IgE antibodies?
Binds allergens and FCE Mediates allergic reactions Constant chain binds mast cells and basophils
53
What is the structure/function of IgD antibodies?
Little known | B cell receptors
54
What is somatic hypermutation?
The purposeful introduction of mutations into variable regions to allow for increased diversity
55
Clonal expansion is...
The theory that the antigen with the highest affinity to antibody will proliferate
56
T cells undergo two stages of thymal education. What are they?
i. Self-tolerance | ii. Expression of CD3 and EITHER CD4 or CD8. Have to bind self MHC molecules to progress
57
What are the 3 signals needed in order for a Th1 cell to activate a macrophage?
MHCII-CD4 interaction CD40-CD40L co-stimulation IL2 and IFNy release from Th1 cell
58
What is Bruntons disease? (X-linked gammaglobulinaemia)
No B cell maturation | mutation in BTK enzyme
59
What is digeorge syndrome?
Lack of pre T-cells
60
What is SCID?
Lack of all lymphocyte precursors- no immune system
61
What is the role of nitric oxide in macrophage activity?
Following Th1 activation it increases ability to recognise, kill and engulf pathogens
62
What are the three signals needed for cytotoxic T cell activation?
MHCI-CD8 receptor interction CD28-CD80 co-stimulation IL2 release from Th1 cell
63
What are the effector mechanisms of cytotoxic T cell activation?
i. Immunological synapse formation via perforin ii. Fas ligand driven apoptosis iii. Cytotoxic T cell proliferation
64
What is the function of T suppressor cells? (Tregs)
Secretion of inhibitory cytokines to dampen immune response | Limits degree of immune response from a single stimulus
65
What is the main effector cytokine of Th17 cells?
IL17
66
What is the function of IL17?
Neutrophil production and recruitment
67
What is the function Th17 cells?
Neutrophil production and stimulation
68
What are the two domains of reverse transcriptase?
``` Transcriptase Ribonuclease H (denatures RNA) ```
69
How does the 4th generation HIV test work?
ELISA test tests for p24 antigen and HIV antibodies p24 part of viral capsid and is detectable before HIV antibodies
70
What is point of care HIV testing?
Immediate result | Detects IgA antibody
71
How can HIV kill host T cells? (4 ways)
Budding out- lysis Exhaustion of resources Cell machinery distortion- Intrinsic apoptosis MHCI-CD8+ response
72
What are possible HIV drug targets?
``` RT inhibitors Protease inhibitors Fusion inhibitors Blocking nucleic acid synthesis Integrase inhibitors ```
73
How do tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Efavirenez work?
Reverse transcriptase inhibition
74
How does Darunavir work?
Inhibits p10 protease
75
What is fibrosis?
The end result of chronic infection leading to scarring of tissues due to excess collagen deposits
76
What are the cell types/processes involved in fibrosis?
i. Cytokines released by leukocytes involved in infection/inflammation ii. myofibrils produce excess collagen
77
What is inflammation?
A vascular response to pathogens/damage
78
What are the 6 stages of inflammation?
i. CMOI release ii. Vasodilation iii. Vascular permebility increase iv. Adhesion molecule activation v. Chemotaxis vi. Macrophage recruitment
79
What are the main cytokines involved in inflammation?
IL1, IL8 and TNFa
80
What cytokine causes chemotaxis during inflammation?
IL8

SEM1 BIOSCIENCE (9 decks)

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