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SEM1 BIOSCIENCE > Case 5 > Flashcards

Case 5 Flashcards

1
Q

What immune cells are classified as granulocytes?

A

Neutrophils
Eosinophils
Basophils
Mast cells

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2
Q

How are macrophages classified?

A

Non-granulocytes

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3
Q

What receptors are used by the innate immune system to recognise pathogens?

A

Pattern recognition receptors

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4
Q

What are PAMPs and DAMPs?

A

Molecular patterns found in the binding domains of PPRs that recognise general molecules associated with pathogens

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5
Q

What are the most common subset of PPRs? What do they recognise?

A

Toll-like receptors

High affinity for both extracellular material (flagellum and lipoproteins) and intracellular material (dsDNA)

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6
Q

Name the four most common phagocytes in the immune response

A

Macrophage
Dendritic cell
Neutrophil
Mast cell

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7
Q

From which stem cell lineage are Leukocytes derived?

A

Hematopoetic stem cells

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8
Q

Innate immunity can be divided into 3 separate responses, what are they?

A

Physical barriers
Defence mechanisms
General immune response

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9
Q

Name the innate immune defence mechanisms….

A

Bodily secretions (mucus, bile, gastric acid etc)
Lactoferrin
Defensins

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10
Q

What two cell types target extracellular pathogens?

A

Eosinophils

Mast cells

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11
Q

From what cells are both macrophages and dendritic cells derived from?

A

Monocytes

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12
Q

What is the most important immune cell responsible for the clearance of bacterial infections?

A

Neutrophils

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13
Q

How do neutrophils destroy pathogens?

A

PPR activation

Granulate release

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14
Q

As well as mast cells, what other immune cell displays the FCE receptor?

A

Basophils

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15
Q

What molecule do macrophages and neutrophils use to display to t cells?

A

MHC class II

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16
Q

What cell types do natural killer cells target?

A

Infected host cells

Host cells that do not display MHCI

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17
Q

What is an opsonin?

A

A molecule that facilitates phagocytosis

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18
Q

What is a defensin?

A

Cationic protein found in the granules of phagocytes to combat pathogens

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19
Q

What is the function of histamine?

A

Vasodilator/bronchoconstrictor

Secreted by mast cells at site of inflammation

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20
Q

What is the function of prostaglandins?

A

Vasodilators

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21
Q

What are selectins?

A

Adhesion molecules that develop on the vascular endothelial lumen
They recruit immune cells via binding nuetrophils

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22
Q

What are integrins?

A

Adhesion molecules that promote diapedesis

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23
Q

What is heparin?

A

An anticoagulant secreted by basophils

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24
Q

What is the function of lactoferrins?

A

Bind iron hence inhibiting iron dependent bacterial growth

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25
Q

What is the effect of IL1 and TNFa?

A

the main pro-inflammatory cytokines

Cause adhesion molecule stimulation, vasodilation and fever

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26
Q

What are the main effects of IL2?

A

Both Th1 and Th2 cell stimulation

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27
Q

What are the main effects of IL3?

A

Eosinophil chemotactic agent

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28
Q

What is the main effect of IL4?

A 
Secreted by Th2 cells to stimulate B cell clonal expansion
Causes B cell class switching
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29
Q

What is the main effect of IL5?

A

B-cell differentiation factor

Causes differentiation into effector plasma cells

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30
Q

What is the main effect of IL6?

A

Secreted by osteoblasts to stimulate osteoclasts

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31
Q

What is the main effect of IL8?

A

Neutrophil chemotactic factor (inflammation)

Promoter of angiogenesis

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32
Q

What is the main effect of IL12?

A

Produced by langerhans cells

Causes Th0 cells to commit to Th1 lineage

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33
Q

What is the main effect of IFNy?

A

Macrophage activation

34
Q

What is the main function of platelet activating factor?

A

Increase vascular permebility

35
Q

How is the classical complement pathway activated?

A

C1 binds antigen-antibody complex
C3 convertase activated
C3b produced
MAC formed

36
Q

How is the alternate complement pathway activated?

A

Direct binding of C3b to pathogen

37
Q

How is the mannose binding lectin pathway activated?

A

MBL binds to mannose residues on surface of pathogen

MASP activated

38
Q

What are the components of the MAC?

A

C5B, C6, C7, C8

39
Q

How do pyrogens cause an increase in body temperature?

A

Release of PGE2

PGE2 binds at hypothalamus to reset biological thermostat

40
Q

What is the purpose of fever? (4 reasons)

A

Speed up immunological reactions
Increase leukocyte mobility
Decrease effect of endotoxins
Increased T cell proliferation

41
Q

How is temperature increase achieved?

A

Vasoconstriction
Shivering
Increase in basal metabolic rate

42
Q

What are the main endogenous pyrogens?

A

IL1, IL6

43
Q

Give an example of an exogenous pyrogen…

A

Microbe components eg. lipopolysaccharide binding protein

44
Q

Where does B cell maturation take place?

A

Bone marrow

45
Q

What are the two stages to B cell maturation?

A

Immunocompetence

Self-tolerance

46
Q

What division of T cells are responsible for B cell stimulation?

A

Th2 cells

47
Q

What are the 3 signals necessary for a B cell to differentiate into an effector plasma cell? (Th2)

A

MHCII-CD4+Th2 cell interaction
CD40:CD40L co-stimulation
Cytokines IL2, IL4, IL5

48
Q

What are the five effector functions of antibodies?

A 
Endotoxin neutralisation
Opsonisation
Agglutination
Effect cell activation
Complement activation
49
Q

What is the structure/function of IgM antibodies?

A

Pentamer
Monomer is B cell receptor
Most efficient at activation of complement
Produced early in primary response

50
Q

What is the structure/function of IgG antibodies?

A

Monomer
Good at opsonisation and pathogen neutralisation
Crosses placenta to provide passive immunity to foetus
Activates complement

51
Q

What is the structure/function of IgA antibodies?

A

Dimer- linked by J chain
Found in mucosal areas
Secreted in saliva, tears and colostrum

52
Q

What is the function of IgE antibodies?

A

Binds allergens and FCE
Mediates allergic reactions
Constant chain binds mast cells and basophils

53
Q

What is the structure/function of IgD antibodies?

A

Little known

B cell receptors

54
Q

What is somatic hypermutation?

A

The purposeful introduction of mutations into variable regions to allow for increased diversity

55
Q

Clonal expansion is…

A

The theory that the antigen with the highest affinity to antibody will proliferate

56
Q

T cells undergo two stages of thymal education. What are they?

A

i. Self-tolerance

ii. Expression of CD3 and EITHER CD4 or CD8. Have to bind self MHC molecules to progress

57
Q

What are the 3 signals needed in order for a Th1 cell to activate a macrophage?

A

MHCII-CD4 interaction
CD40-CD40L co-stimulation
IL2 and IFNy release from Th1 cell

58
Q

What is Bruntons disease? (X-linked gammaglobulinaemia)

A

No B cell maturation

mutation in BTK enzyme

59
Q

What is digeorge syndrome?

A

Lack of pre T-cells

60
Q

What is SCID?

A

Lack of all lymphocyte precursors- no immune system

61
Q

What is the role of nitric oxide in macrophage activity?

A

Following Th1 activation it increases ability to recognise, kill and engulf pathogens

62
Q

What are the three signals needed for cytotoxic T cell activation?

A

MHCI-CD8 receptor interction
CD28-CD80 co-stimulation
IL2 release from Th1 cell

63
Q

What are the effector mechanisms of cytotoxic T cell activation?

A

i. Immunological synapse formation via perforin
ii. Fas ligand driven apoptosis
iii. Cytotoxic T cell proliferation

64
Q

What is the function of T suppressor cells? (Tregs)

A

Secretion of inhibitory cytokines to dampen immune response

Limits degree of immune response from a single stimulus

65
Q

What is the main effector cytokine of Th17 cells?

A

IL17

66
Q

What is the function of IL17?

A

Neutrophil production and recruitment

67
Q

What is the function Th17 cells?

A

Neutrophil production and stimulation

68
Q

What are the two domains of reverse transcriptase?

A 
Transcriptase
Ribonuclease H (denatures RNA)
69
Q

How does the 4th generation HIV test work?

A

ELISA test
tests for p24 antigen and HIV antibodies
p24 part of viral capsid and is detectable before HIV antibodies

70
Q

What is point of care HIV testing?

A

Immediate result

Detects IgA antibody

71
Q

How can HIV kill host T cells? (4 ways)

A

Budding out- lysis
Exhaustion of resources
Cell machinery distortion- Intrinsic apoptosis
MHCI-CD8+ response

72
Q

What are possible HIV drug targets?

A 
RT inhibitors
Protease inhibitors
Fusion inhibitors
Blocking nucleic acid synthesis
Integrase inhibitors
73
Q

How do tenofovir, Emtricitabine and Efavirenez work?

A

Reverse transcriptase inhibition

74
Q

How does Darunavir work?

A

Inhibits p10 protease

75
Q

What is fibrosis?

A

The end result of chronic infection leading to scarring of tissues due to excess collagen deposits

76
Q

What are the cell types/processes involved in fibrosis?

A

i. Cytokines released by leukocytes involved in infection/inflammation
ii. myofibrils produce excess collagen

77
Q

What is inflammation?

A

A vascular response to pathogens/damage

78
Q

What are the 6 stages of inflammation?

A

i. CMOI release
ii. Vasodilation
iii. Vascular permebility increase
iv. Adhesion molecule activation
v. Chemotaxis
vi. Macrophage recruitment

79
Q

What are the main cytokines involved in inflammation?

A

IL1, IL8 and TNFa

80
Q

What cytokine causes chemotaxis during inflammation?

A

IL8

SEM1 BIOSCIENCE (9 decks)

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