Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Medicine Year 2 > Case 14 SAP > Flashcards

Case 14 SAP Flashcards

1
Q

Describe erectile dysfuntion

A

persistent inability to initiate or sustain a penile erection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cause categories of erectile dysfunction

A

psychological
vascular
neurological
endocrine
recreational drugs
iatrogenic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Psychological causes of erectile dysfuntion

A

relationship issues
poor sexual experiences
underlying psychological problems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vascular causes of erectile dysfunction

A

atherosclerosis
hypertension
diabetes mellitus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Neurological causes of erectile dysfunction

A

diffuse, central, or peripheral nerve injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Endocrine causes of erectile dysfunction

A

low testosterone
hyperprolactinaemia from anterior pituitary tumour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Non-pharmacological management of erectile dysfunction

A

screen for underlying disease
lifestyle changes
psych treatment when needed
vacuum erection device
penile implants if absolutely necessary

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Viagra/sildenafil mechanism

A

PDE-5 inhibitors
increase levels of cGMP
prolongs smooth muscle relaxation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Side effects of Viagra/sildenafil

A

headaches
facial flushing
impaired colour vision

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is Viagra/sildenafil contraindicated in and why?

A

those using nitrate medication
hypotension risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Second-line treatment if no response to Viagra or contraindications

A

prostaglandin E1 intracavernosal injections

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Female sexual dysfunction definition

A

subjective dissatisfaction with level or nature of sexual activity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Classifications of female sexual dysfunction

A

sexual interest/desire disorders
orgasmic disorders
sexual pain disorders

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of female sexual dysfunction

A

psychological
vascular
neurological
oestrogen insufficiency
thyroid disease
diabetes
pregnancy
post-partum period
muscular
chronic pain disorders
medications (SSRIs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Management of female sexual dysfunction

A

lifestyle changes
CBT
pelvic floor exercises
devices e.g. dilators in vaginismus
vaginal lubricant
oestrogen preparations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Fistula

A

abnormal connection between two hollow spaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

External fistula

A

one of the spaces is the skin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Internal fistula

A

between two hollow organs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Colocutaneous/enterocutaneous fistula

A

between skin and intestine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Causes enterocutaneous fistula

A

bowel surgery
IBD
infections
abdominal injury

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Consequences colocutaneous fistula

A

intestinal contents leaking through skin
fluid loss
sepsis risk
nutritional rehabilitation
may require surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Anal fistula

A

between skin and anal canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Causes anal fistula

A

infection which causes an abscess - when the fluid drains it creates a channel
IBD
diverticulitis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Consequences anal fistula

A

pain
irritation
swelling
bowel incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Vesicointestinal fistula

A

between bladder and any GI tract structure

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Causes vesicointestinal fistula

A

complicated diverticulitis
cancer
longstanding IBD

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

Consequences vesicointestinal fistula

A

faeces entering bladder
UTI
sepsis
surgery requried

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Vesicouterine fistula

A

between bladder and uterus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Causes vesicouterine fistula

A

most occur after segment caesarean
perforation of uterus
radiation therapy
placenta removal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Consequences vesicouterine fistulas

A

absence of menstrual bleeding
cyclical presence of blood in urine
may need surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vesicovaginal fistula

A

between bladder and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Vesicovaginal fistula causes

A

congenital birth condition
prolonged labour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Vesicovaginal fistula consequences

A

continuous involuntary discharge of urine into vagina
surgery required

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Rectovaginal fistula

A

between rectum and vagina

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Rectovaginal fistula causes

A

prolonged labour/trauma during childbirth
surgery

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Rectovaginal fistula consequences

A

passage of faecal matter through vagina
faecal incontinence
inflamed/irritated vaginal tissue
infection
risk of sepsis
surgery required in most cases

36
Q

Obstetric fistula

A

can be vesicouterine, vesicovaginal, rectouterine, or rectovaginal

37
Q

Causes obstetric fistulas

A

prolonged labour
large foetal head
small pelvis of pregnant person

38
Q

Abnormalities of testes descent

A

undescended testes
ectopic testes
infertility due to suboptimal temperature

39
Q

How do the testes descend?

A

via processus vaginalis of inguinal canal

40
Q

What can abnormal fusion of paramesonephric ducts lead to?

A

double uterus
unicornate/bicornate uterus
septate uterus
atresia of cervix

41
Q

Congenital inguinal hernia

A

abdominal contents protrude into patent processus vaginalis

42
Q

When do genital folds fuse in males?

A

week 9

43
Q

Hypospadias

A

abnormal urethral opening on underside of penis due to failure of fusion of genital folds

44
Q

Epispadias

A

abnormal urethral opening on upper side of penis due to failure of fusion of genital folds
can occur in females where urethra is present closer to clitoris or even abdomen

45
Q

Turner’s syndrome

A

absence of X chromosome in females
causes primordial germ cells to degenerate, gonads do not differentiate, genitalia do not mature

46
Q

Kleinfelter syndrome

A

extra X chromosome in males
small external genitalia, azoospermia or oligospermia

47
Q

Androgen insensitivity syndrome

A

failure in testosterone receptors in genetic males
testicular tissue present internally
external female genitalia
testosterone and mullerian inhibitory substance produced causing infertility

48
Q

External genitalia disorders

A

mixed gonadal dysgenesis - individuals present with both male and female tissue within gonads
46 XX/XY

49
Q

What is fibrocystic breast disease?

A

Physiological changes during cycle that become problematic

50
Q

Fibrocystic breast tissue

A

nodular/thickened
not clearly separate from rest of tissue

51
Q

Fibrocystic breast disease treatment

A

review midcycle changes, refer if necessary

52
Q

Who does fibrocystic breast disease primarily effect?

A

Women ages 20-50

53
Q

Define fibroadenoma

A

most common benign tumour

54
Q

Fibroadenoma breast tissue

A

soft (can be firmer in older patients)
well-circumscribed
painless
highly mobile - “breast mouse”
2-3cm
from lobule

55
Q

Multiple/complex breast fibroadenoma

A

associated with higher cancer risk

56
Q

Who does breast fibroadenoma most commonly affect?

A

women in 20s

57
Q

Define fat necrosis of breast

A

benign inflammation usually caused by trauma to breast

58
Q

Presentation of fat necrosis of breast

A

bruising
erythema
dimpling
signs of trauma
usually painless
more common in larger breasts

59
Q

Fat necrosis of breast treatment

A

very similar presentation to cancer so need biopsy

60
Q

Describe breast cyst

A

fluid-filled, round, palpable mass, can become painful

61
Q

Where do breast cysts commonly come from?

A

terminal duct lobular unit

62
Q

Who are breast cysts most common in?

A

pre-menopausal women, 30s/40s

63
Q

Breast cyst treatment

A

very difficult to distinguish from malignant lesions so refer
may need aspiration

64
Q

Define lipoma

A

benign tumour of fat cells

65
Q

Where are breast lipomas located?

A

superficially, just under skin

66
Q

Describe breast lipomas

A

soft
well-circumscribed
smooth
non-tender
sometimes lobulated

67
Q

Benign tumours

A

smooth
mobile
regular borders

68
Q

Malignant tumours

A

irregular borders
hard
fixed to underlying structures

69
Q

Triple assessment pathway

A

Clinical exam
Imaging
Biopsy

70
Q

Which imaging modality is used for younger patients with breast lumps and why?

A

ultrasound due to higher tissue density

71
Q

Is core biopsy or fine needle aspiration more common?

A

core biopsy

72
Q

Skin changes in breast malignancies

A

tethering
peau d’orange
eczema
thickening

73
Q

Breast changes in breast malgnancies

A

nipple discharge
new nipple inversion
change in size
change in shape
fungating mass (open skin wound)

74
Q

Other presentations of breast malignancies

A

symptoms of metastases
enlarged regional lymph nodes

75
Q

LCIS

A

lobular carcinoma in situ
confined to lobule epithelia
usually diagnosed incidentally on biopsy
increased risk of future breast cancer

76
Q

Which lymph nodes does breast cancer typically spread to?

A

axillary - most common
tracheobronchial
supraclavicular
intramammary

77
Q

Where do breast metastases through the blood typically spread?

A

lung
bone
brain
liver

78
Q

Routes of breast tumour spread

A

blood
lymph
directly into muscle/skin

79
Q

Protective factors for breast cancer

A

low alcohol
reduce weight
physical activity
breastfeeding
treating precursor conditions

80
Q

Non-modifiable risk factors for breast cancer

A

female sex
older age
radiation treatment
personal/family history
long menarche to menopause interval
geographic location (north america, europe, australia)

81
Q

Modifiable risk factors for breast cancer

A

HRT
obesity
oral contraceptive pill
nulliparous
older age at first pregnancy
lack of physical activity
alcohol

82
Q

Types of invasive breast carcinomas

A

Paget’s disease of the breast
Inflammatory breast cancer

83
Q

Describe inflammatory breast cancer

A

blocks lymphatic drainage
swelling and redness
rapidly developing

84
Q

Describe Paget’s disease of the breast

A

cancer of nipple/areolar complex
eczematous lesion with underlying carcinoma (invasive more common but could be carcinoma in situ)

85
Q

DCIS

A

ductal carcinoma in situ
confined to duct epithelia
can become invasive

86
Q

DCIS presentation

A

lump or nipple discharge
but can be incidental

87
Q

DCIS treatment

A

surgery

Medicine Year 2 (1 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions