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Medicine > Case 1 Questions > Flashcards

Case 1 Questions Flashcards

1
Q

What hormone peaks on around the 13th day of the Menstrual Cycle?

A

Oestrogen

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2
Q

What type of cells does GnRH target?

A

Gonadotropes

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3
Q

Which Hormone alters from negative to positive feedback in the menstrual cycle?

A

Oestrogen. Oestrogen at low concentrations has a negative feedback where as at high concentrations it has a positive feedback.

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4
Q

Which type of receptor do Granulosa cells have on their cell membrane?

A

Follicle Stimulating Hormone Receptors

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5
Q

What type of hormone is Follicle Stimulating Hormone?

A

Peptide Hormone

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6
Q

What type of receptor is the FSH receptor?

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

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7
Q

What type of Hormone is Luiteinizing Hormone?

A

Peptide Hormone

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8
Q

What type of receptor is the LH receptor?

A

G-Protein coupled receptor

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9
Q

Which type of receptor do Thecal cells have on their cell membrane?

A

Luiteinizing Hormone Receptors

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10
Q

What reaction occurs within theca interna cells?

A

cholesterol into pregnenolone, pregnenolone into 17 a-hydropregnenolone and hydroxypregnenolone into DHEA, DHEA into adrostenedione

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11
Q

What reaction occurs in granulosa cells?

A

androstenedione is converted into testosterone. Testosterone is converted into estrone and 17-b-estradiol

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12
Q

Which enzyme catalyses the conversion of testosterone into 17-b-estradiol?

A

aromatase

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13
Q

Which enzyme is prevalent in theca interna cells? (turning cholesterol into pregnenolone and pregnenolone into 17-a-hydroxypregnenolone)

A

desmolase

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14
Q

What function does desmolase have?

A

destruction of c-c bonds

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15
Q

What is the function of Luiteinizing Hormone in women?(5)

A

Stimulates theca interna cells, triggers ovulation, sustains the corpus luteum, completion of meiosis 1, proliferation of theca interna cells

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16
Q

What are theca externa cells responsible for?(2)

A

Theca externa cells are highly vascular connective tissue that eventually becomes the capsule, theca externa cells release proelytic enzymes (lysozomes) to dissolve the follicular capsular wall and weaken the wall of the ovary.

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17
Q

In which area of the pituitary gland are FSH and LH produced?

A

gonadotrope cells in the anterior pituitary gland

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18
Q

Which cells produce oestrogen in the ovary?

A

granulosa cells

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19
Q

What type of hormone is oestrogen?

A

Steroid hormone

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20
Q

What is the function of FSH in women?(2)

A

FSH stimulates the maturation of follicles in the ovary causing proliferation of granulosa and theca cells. Binds to granulosa cells allowing the production of oestrogen

21
Q

What is the difference between a primordial follicle and a primary follicle?

A

A primordial follicle is a smaller, dormant follicle with a single layer of granulosa cells. The primary follicle is larger and has multiple layers of cuboidal granulosa cells which are mitotic. Primordial follicles are arrested in prophase dictyotene (late diplotene). The primary follicle has a zona pellucida which is a thick glycoprotein layer.

22
Q

What is the difference between a primary and secondary follicle?

A

A secondary follicle has more layers of follicular cells as well as more intercellular spaces filled with follicular fluid which is nutrition for the oocyte. While in the secondary follicle stage. There is differentiation of theca into two layers: Theca interna and theca externa

23
Q

At which stage to theca cells differentiate into theca interna and theca externa cells?

A

As a secondary follicle

24
Q

What are the 5 stages of prophase? (in order)

A

Leptonene, Zygotene, Pachytene, Diplotene(Dictyotene), Diakinesis

25
Q

What occurs during Leptotene?

A

Chromosomes become visible as they condense

26
Q

What occurs during Zygotene?

A

Homologous chromosomes align directly opposite each-other in a process called synapsis and are held together at several points along their length

27
Q

What occurs during Pachytene?

A

Each pair of homologous chromosomes known as the bivalent. Become tightly coiled. Crossing over occurs during which homologous regions of DNA are exchanged between chromatids

28
Q

What occurs during Diplotene?

A

The homologous recombinant chromosomes begin to separate but are still attached at some points where crossing over has occurred. These are called chiasmata

29
Q

In what stage are primordial follicles arrested in?

A

Diplotene - Dictyotene (LATE PROPHASE OF MEIOSIS 1)

30
Q

What occurs during Diakinesis?

A

Separation of homologous chromosomes occur and chromosomes become maximally condense

31
Q

What occurs during Metaphase 1?

A

Homologous chromosomes line up against each-other along the equator of the cell and spindle fibres attach to their centromeres. The nuclear membrane disappears.

32
Q

What occurs during Anaphase 1?

A

Chromosomes are pulled to opposite poles of the cell towards the centrioles as the spindle contracts

33
Q

What occurs during telophase 1?

A

Each set of haploid chromosomes have separated cleaving two new daughter gametes

34
Q

If non-disjunction occurred during meiosis 1 of oogenesis, which cell would be effected?

A

Secondary oocytes

35
Q

If non-disjunction occurred during meiosis 2 of oogenesis, which cell would be effected?

A

The Graafian follicle

36
Q

What is non-disjunction?

A

Non-disjunction is the failure of a homologous pair of chromosomes to separate during anaphase.

37
Q

What is anaphase lag?

A

The delayed movement of chromosomes after separation at anaphase

38
Q

What are the main causes of Aneuploidy?

A

Anaphase lag and non-disjunction

39
Q

How can triploidy arise?

A

The fertilization of an ovum by two sperm. or The fertilization of an haploid egg by a diploid sperm/Fertilisation of a diploid egg by a haploid sperm.

40
Q

Explain the process of luitenization of the remaining follicle after ovulation.

A

The cells will become filled with lipids which are yellow this giving a yellow colour which is characteristic of the lutein cells formed

41
Q

What is a polar body formed during meiosis of oocytes?

A

A polar body is a daughter cell which does not gain enough cytoplasm so degenerates leaving one secondary oocyte/ovum

42
Q

What process triggers meiosis 2 in oogenesis?

A

Fertilization by sperm.

43
Q

Which cells produce progesterone in a corpus luteum?

A

Granulosa lutein cells as well as theca cells! (large and small lutein cells)

44
Q

What is the role of progesterone during the menstrual cycle?

A

Progesterone inhibits the secretion of LH, progesterone also maintains the endometrium promoting angiogenesis making it highly glandular and vascular. Progesterone keeps spiral arteries dilated

45
Q

What are some general roles of progesterone?

A

Bone Growth, Maintenance of endometrium, secondary sex characteristics, Increases core temperature during ovulation, reduces myometrial contractility, Thickens cervical mucus, inhibits lactation

46
Q

Why is the Menstrual Phase marked by bleeding?

A

Without the influence of progesterone, arteries constrict within the endometrium, this causes a lack of oxygen and nutrients supplying the endometrium and causing the shedding of the stratum functionalis due to it becoming necrotic

47
Q

What type of hormone is Progesterone?

A

Steroid Hormone

48
Q

What hormone is detected in a home pregnancy test?

A

Human Chorionic Gonadotropin

49
Q

Where is hCG produced?

A

By the corpus luteum in the ovary

Medicine (1 decks)

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