Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

YEAR 1: CSI > Case 1: Fresher's flu > Flashcards

Case 1: Fresher's flu Flashcards

1
Q

Shared symptoms of the flu, cold and COVID-19

A
  • an aching body
  • feeling tired or exhausted
  • a dry cough
  • a sore throat
  • a headache
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Symptoms only seen in the flu

A
  • difficulty sleeping
  • loss of appetite
  • diarrhoea or tummy pain
  • feeling sick and being sick
  • a sudden fever – a temperature of 38C or above
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Symptoms only seen in the common cold

A
  • sneezing
  • a raised temperature
  • pressure in your ears and face
  • loss of taste and smell
  • a blocked or runny nose
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Treatment for the flu

A
  • Rest and sleep
  • Take painkillers to treat the aches and fever
  • Drink water to prevent dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Treatment for the common cold

A
  • Rest and sleep
  • Take painkillers to treat the aches and fever
  • Drink water to prevent dehydration
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Severity of the flu vs the cold

A

This can be especially dangerous for those 65+, pregnant women, and those with weakened immune systems (due to long-term medical conditions/ treatments).
The common cold isn’t very severe.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How quickly do the symptoms of the flu appear vs the common cold?

A

Flu: Quickly- within a few hours
Cold: More gradually

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How are they both transmitted?

A

Easily transmissible via airborne droplets. Can live on hands and surfaces for 24 hours.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the most common viruses that cause colds?

A

Rhinovirus, Coronavirus, Adenovirus, influenza virus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What virus causes the flu?

A

Influenza

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What virus causes COVID-19?

A

Coronavirus (SARS CoV-2)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Symptoms of COVID-19

A
  • Fever
  • Fatigue
  • Loss of taste/smell
  • Shortness of breath
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the name of the molecule on the host cell that the rhinovirus interacts with?

A

ICAM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the name of the molecule on the host cell that the influenza virus interacts with?

A

Sialic acid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the name of the molecule on the host cell that the coronavirus interacts with?

A

ACE2

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are the 3 viral proteins on the influenza A virus that interact with the host cell?

A
  • Haemagglutinin
  • Neuraminidase
  • Matrix-2 (M2)
17
Q

Why is the flu usually more severe than the common cold?

A

The influenza virus attacks cells that are lower down in the respiratory tract it affects the alveoli, and thus, gas exchange. The rhino virus, on the other hand, is found much higher up in the RT so it doesn’t damage crucial tissues.

18
Q

How does SARS CoV-2 cause lung damage?

A

It downregulates ACE2, which is a protein that diminishes the effect of Angiotensin II(a protein that damages the lung), so lung injury occurs.

19
Q

What is a risk factor?

A

Any characteristic that increases the likelihood of developing a disease or injury.

20
Q

What are risk factors during fresher’s week for developing a respiratory tract infection?

A
  • Lack of sleep
  • Poor diet
  • Alcohol
  • Meeting new people
  • Crowding
21
Q

What are risk factors in the general population for developing a respiratory tract infection?

A
  • Age
  • Chronic diseases (Diabetes)
  • Immune disorders (HIV)
  • Obesity
22
Q

As stress increases, your risk of getting the common cold……

A

INCREASES. High levels of cortisol suprresses your immune system. Moderate levels are good but you don’t want too much!

23
Q

As period of sleep increases, your risk of getting the common cold ……

A

DECREASES. The body has time to recuperatre and fight of infections.

24
Q

Describe the graph plotting exercise and risk of common cold.

A

It is a positive quadratic curve. Low levels of exercise is not good but neither is too much exercise. If you exercise too much, cortisol levels can become dangerously high and all the resources in the body will get used up which is bad. A moderate level of exercise is good!

25
Q

What are Zola’s triggers?

A

Zola suggested that health-seeking behaviour for a symptom or illness may be triggered by:

  • The occurrence of an interpersonal crisis
  • Perceived interference with social or personal relations (if it prevents you from socialising)
  • Sanctioning by others (being told)
  • Perceived interference with vocational or physical activity (if it prevents you from doing an activity you enjoy)
  • Temporalizing (for example setting a deadline, i.e. “I’ll go to the doctor if my fever is not gone by Monday”)
26
Q

What is Helman’s folk model of illness?

A

This model suggests that a patient considers the following questions when faced with possible illness (and more specifically has these questions in mind when seeing a doctor):

  • What has happened? This includes organising the symptoms and signs into a recognisable pattern, and giving it a name or identity
  • Why has it happened? Cause of the condition
  • Why has it happened to me? This tries to relate the illness to aspects of the patient, such as behaviour, diet, body-build, personality or heredity
  • Why now? This concerns the timing of the illness and its’ mode of onset (sudden or slow)
  • What would happen to me if nothing were done about it? This considers its’ likely course, outcome, prognosis and dangers.
  • What should I do about it - or to whom should I turn for further help?
27
Q

Describe the mechanism of the influenza/ rhino virus

A
  1. Haemagglutinin attaches onto Sialic acid on the cell surface membrane of the endothelial cells.
  2. The virus enters the cell via endocytosis and releases its RNA into the cytoplasm of the host cell .
  3. The viral RNA is imported into the nucleus
  4. The viral RNA is replicated using the host cell replication machinery.
  5. The viral RNA is exported to the cytoplasm and starts to be translated by host ribosomes. Viral proteins are synthesised.
  6. The viral RNA and proteins assemble to form new viruses. They leave and infect more cells.
28
Q

What is haemagglutinin?

A

A viral membrane glycoprotein that binds to Sialic acid on RBCs/ lung endothelial cells.

29
Q

What happens when haemagglutinin binds to a host cell?

A

Haemagglutination- this creates a

network / lattice of interconnected RBCs and virus particles.

30
Q

What does neuraminidase do?

A

A glycoside hydrolase enzyme which cleaves the sialic acid side groups from glycoproteins to allow viruses to be released from cells (as HA would otherwise remain bound to sialic acid, keeping the virus attached to the cell) and go onto infect other cells.

31
Q

What are the 2 mechanisms that account for changes in the genetic material in a virus?

A
  • Antigenic drift (all influenza viruses)

- Antigenic shift (influenza A only)

32
Q

What is antigenic drift?

A
  • Natural mutation over time of a known strain resulting in small genetic changes. The immune system can still recognise the virus.
  • Antigenic drift therefore may lead to a loss of immunity however, because genetic changes can accumulate over time and change viruses enough that they can’t be recognised.
33
Q

What is antigenic shift?

A
  • Abrupt, major change in genetic material
  • The genetic change confers a phenotypic change which requires an entirely new
    antigenic response. Therefore, when shift happens, most people have little or no
    protection against the new virus and the population is at risk of a pandemic.
34
Q

How can antigenic shift come about?

A
  • When two or more different strains of a virus infect the same cell, their genetic material
    can combine to produce progeny with new HA/NA combinations.
  • Antigenic shift ONLY happens in Influenza A
35
Q

Why does genetic drift especially occur in RNA viruses?

A

RNA does not have a proof-reading mechanism like we have in our DNA. This means inaccuracies are less likely to be corrected and mutations are morel likely to occur.

36
Q

Where can sialic acid be found?

A

Sialic acid is present on erythrocyte, upper airway and lung endothelial cell membranes

YEAR 1: CSI (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions