Case 1

Question 1

How are viruses differentiated?

Answer 1

By their surface proteins

Question 2

How do strains of viruses differ?

Answer 2

By the isoforms of their surface proteins

Question 3

How are new viral strains created?

Answer 3

Mutation and reassortment

Question 4

Why does flu usually cause more serious illness than colds?

Answer 4

Rhinoviruses bind in the upper respiratory tract. Influenza binds in the lower respiratory tract.

Question 5

What are the common symptoms of the flu?

Answer 5

Fever, cough, sore throat, runny nose (though less common than with colds), muscle or body aches, headaches and fatugue.

Question 6

What are the common symptoms of the common cold?

Answer 6

Cold symptoms are usually milder than the flu and is more likely to involve the areas of the upper respiratory tract (runny nose, sore throat etc.)

Question 7

What causes Covid19?
What causes the cold?
What causes the flu?

Answer 7

coronavirus
rhinovirus (most common), influenza, adenovirus, coronavirus
influenza

Question 8

What does coronavirus bind to?

Answer 8

Angiotensin converting enzyme-2

Question 9

What is the function of ACE2?

Answer 9

Conversion of angiotension 2 to angiotenison (1-7)

Question 10

What two membrane glycoproteins define all influenza viruses?

Answer 10

Haemagglutinin and neuraminidase

Question 11

What three membrane glycoproteins define Influenza A?

Answer 11

HA, NA, Matrix-2 (M2)

Question 12

What does HA bind to?

Answer 12

sialate

Question 13

How many single-stranded RNA does influenza possess?

Answer 13

8

Question 14

What is neuraminidase and what is its function?

Answer 14

A glycoside hydrolase enzyme that cleaves the virus from sialate allowing progeny to infect new cells.

Question 15

What does HA binding to the sialate of an erythrocyte result in?

Answer 15

Haemagglutination

Question 16

What do rhinoviruses bind to?

Answer 16

Intracellular adhesion molecule-1

Question 17

What is the function ICAM-1?

Answer 17

When activated serves as a binding site for leukocytes the blood which then migrates into the tissue.

Question 18

What are Zola’s triggers?

Answer 18

Interpersonal crisis
Perceived social interference
Sanctioning
Activities
Temporalizing

Question 19

What are the 6 questions of the folk model?

Answer 19

What has happened?
Why?
Why to me?
Why now?
What would happen if I did nothing?
What should I do about it or whom should I see?

Question 20

Which influenza type can undergo antigenic shift?

Answer 20

influenza A

Question 21

What causes antigenic shift?

What causes antigenic drift?

Answer 21

reassortment
mutations
(Note both can give rise to new viral strains capable of infecting new organisms)

Question 22

Which animal can act as a reservoir of genetic reassortment for influenza A?

Answer 22

Pig (both avian and human strains of influenza A can infect)

Question 23

Antigenic drift and the relationship to population immunity.

Answer 23

Their is an exponential relationship between amount of antigenic drift and population-wide immunity as