Case 1

Question 1

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Cardiovascular (Circulatory) system?

Answer 1

Main components include the heart and blood vessels. Blood vessels transport blood, which carries oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, wastes, etc. The heart pumps blood through the systemic and pulmonary circuits.

Question 2

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Lymphatic (Immune) system?

Answer 2

• Red bone marrow, thymus, lymphatic vessels, thoracic duct, spleen, lymph nodes (axillary, thoracic, groins).
• Picks up fluid leaked from blood vessels and returns it to blood
• Disposes of debris in the lymphatic stream
• Houses white blood cells (lymphocytes) involved in immunity.
• Immune response mounts the attack against foreign substances within the body
• Spleen- quality controls blood/immune cells

Question 3

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Endocrine system?

Answer 3

• Thyroid, pineal, pituitary, adrenal glands
• Thymus, pancreas, testis, ovary
• Glands secrete hormones that regulate processes such as growth, reproduction and nutrition use (metabolism) by body cells

Question 4

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Reproductive system?

Answer 4

-Overall function is production of offspring
Male Reproductive
-Penis, testis (producing sperm), scrotum, ductus deferens (taking sperm from testis to prostate where it gets fluid than goes out through penis (uthethra), prostate
-Testes produce sperm and male sex hormone
-Ducts/glands aids delivery of sperm to female reproductive tract

Female Reproductive

• Mammary glands, ovary, uterus, uterine tube, vagina
• Ovaries produce eggs and female sex hormones
• Sites for fertilization and development of the fetus
• Mammary glands of female breasts produce milk to nourish newborn

Question 5

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Nervous system?

Answer 5

• brain, spinal cord, nerves
• fast acting control system of the body, responds to internal and external changes by activating appropriate muscles and glands

Question 6

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Skeletal system?

Answer 6

• Joints, bones
• Protects and supports body organs
• Provides framework for muscles to cause movement
• Blood cells are formed within bones
• Bones store minerals

Question 7

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Digestive (Gastrointestinal)?

Answer 7

• Oral cavity, esophagus, liver, stomach, small intestine, large intestine, rectum, anus.
• Breakdown of large molecules into nutrients, eliminates matter

Question 8

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Urinary (Renal)?

Answer 8

• Kidney, bladder, Ureter, urinary bladder, urethra
• Eliminates nitrogenous wastes from the body
• Regulates H2O, electrolyte, and acid-base balance of the blood.

Question 9

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Integumentary?

Answer 9

• Hair, skin, nails
• Forms external body covering, protects deeper tissues from injury, Synthesizes vit D,
• houses cutaneous (pain, pressure etc) receptors, sweat and oil glands

Question 10

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Respiratory?

Answer 10

• Nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, lungs (Trachea, bronchius, alveoli)
• Keeps blood constantly supplied with O2 and removes CO2.
• Gaseous exchanges occur through the walls of the air sacs of the lungs

Question 11

List the components and describe basic functions of the organ systems of the Muscular?

Answer 11

-Skeletal muscle
-Smooth muscle
-Cardio muscle
Allows stability during movement.

Question 12

Describe the essential functions of life and the key essential requirements to sustain life

Answer 12

MMMR SHENG!
MAINTAIN BOUNDARIES,
Integumentary
(Protect anything which is exposed to outside)
MOVEMENT (muscular and skeletal)
Metabolism: Undertake essential chemical reactions (anabolism, catabolism)
Digestive, endocrine
Reproduction: Produce offspring either sexually or asexually
Reproductive
Sensitivity (or Responsiveness): Responsive to internal and external stimuli
Nervous
Homeostasis: Maintenance of a stable internal environment within a normal range despite change in outside environments
Nervous
Excretion: Removal waste products
Digestive, Urinary
Nutrition: Exchange materials and gases with the environment
Digestive
Growth: Ability to move, change shape/size
Reproductive, endocrine, cardiovascular (need O2), endocrine (growth hormones), digestion (nutrients).

Question 13

Explain, using examples, how structure and function are related in biological systems?

Answer 13

Biological structures have evolved in order to function efficiently and sustain life in biological systems.
For example the integumentary system in humans, which comprises of hair, skin, and nails acts as a barrier to infection and protection from impact. By doing so it acts to sustain life.
The reproductive system in humans, comprising of sexual organs sustain life by producing more life. All of the tissues that comprise the organs in both systems comprise of a group of highly specialized cells in order to act out these duties.

Question 14

Describe the concept of homeostasis and normal range?

Answer 14

Homeostasis is the internal regulation of a biological structure to stay within a stable normal range (dynamic equilibrium) despite changes in the outside environment.

Question 15

Describe the process of negative feedback and provide at least two examples? (Blood sugar and Temp)

Answer 15

Positive feedback mechanisms enhance the original stimulus and negative feedback mechanisms inhibit it.
Homeostasis typically involves negative feedback loops that counteract changes of various properties from their target values known as set points. Negative feedback decreases the effect of the original stimulus to return the body back to a normal range. Body temperature and blood sugar are two examples of these.

Example 1: Blood Sugar
Stimulus: Food- e.g high glucose banana
Receptor: Endocrine cell in liver
Afferant pathway
Control centre: Pancreas
Efferent pathway
Effector cells Insulin cells in pancreas release insulin
Response= Blood sugar drops as insulin increases body’s absorption of glucose, removing it from bloodstream.

Example 2: Body Temp
Stimulus= heat
Receptors= temp sensitive cells in skin and brain
afferent pathways
control centre= thermoregulatory centre in the brain
efferent pathway
Effectors= sweat cells activated
Response= sweat evaporates and body temperature drops.

Question 16

Describe the anatomical planes and positions of the body?

Answer 16

The frontal/coronal plane cuts the body from the “crown” into front and back, separating anterior (ventral) and posterior (dorsal).
The sagittal/median plane cuts the body in the middle separating left from right, away from the midline is known as lateral, and closer is known as medial.
The transverse plane cuts the body horizontally, separating coronal (head) and caudal (tail) sections.

Superficial and deep are used to describe the ‘depth’ of a structure in the body.
Distal and proximal are used to describe the relation of limbs in regards to their attachment point on the body (the appendicular skeleton). Superior and inferior are used for upper and lower points on the Axial skeleton (torso and head).

Additionally, in the arm radial is used to describe structures close to radius/outside of arm whilst ulnar is used to describe closer to innerside of the ulnar and arm; in the same way tibial is used to describe structures close to the tibia/innerside of leg whilst fibular is used to describe structures closer to the fibula and outside of the leg.
The bottom surface of the hand is known as palmar, the upper/back surfaces are known as dorsal. For the feet the bottom is known as plantar, the back is known as dorsol.

Question 17

Revise/review the steps of basic life support

Answer 17

Maintain tissue Oxygen
Danger?
Responsiveness?
Send for help?
Airways (are they clear?)
Breathing
CPR
Defribrillator

Question 18

Describe what is meant by ‘vital signs’ and how these are assessed or measured

Answer 18

Vital Signs: Vital signs are used to measure the body’s basic functions. These measurements are taken to help assess the general health of a person, give clues to possible diseases, and show progress toward recovery.
Temperature, pulse, respiration, blood pressure.
Temp; thermometer- oral/axilla/tympanic
Pulse;
Respiration; beats per minute- counting.
Blood pressure: patient seated, using cuff.

Question 19

Interpret the relationship of normal range to vital signs and clinical observation

Answer 19

Vital sign assessment is essential in the determination of a patient’s health status as is clinical observation; using both can provide more information on a patient’s status. Careful measurement techniques and knowledge of the normal range in vital signs for a particular patient will ensure that patients are suitably monitored to enable clinicians to carefully monitor therapy and prevent adverse events. An alteration in a patient’s vital signs can provide objective evidence of the body’s response to physical and psychological stress or changes in physiological function.

Question 20

Describe introductory communication skills and history-taking

Answer 20

• Introduce self
• Clear communication; ask Hx of patient, life habits, background etc.
• listen, clarify, reflect
  http: //www.gp-training.net/training/communication_skills/calgary/guide.htm

Question 21

Describe appropriate non-verbal communication skills

Answer 21

Patient to feel relaxed and respected;

• listening- leaning in
• Adopt open posture, maintain eye contact, lean slightly forward, be relaxed, be at same height as patient, observe the patient’s facial expressions.

Question 22

Briefly explain the concept of duty of care from ethical and legal perspectives

Answer 22

Duty of care is a moral or legal opportunity to ensure the safety or well-being of others. Doctors have a legal obligation to patients to adhere to a standard of care.
This “DOC” exists between patients and doctors both ethically and with respect to common law and legislation.
It is our duty as medical students to disclose that we are medical students.

Good Samaritan act:
A ‘“good samaritan” is a person who, in good faith and without expectation of payment or other reward, comes to the assistance of a person who is apparently injured or at risk of being injured’ (s 56).
To be a good Samaritan the person has be
1) acting in good faith;
2) without expectation of payment or other reward
3) to assist a person who is
4) apparently injured or at risk of being injured.

Question 23

Briefly explain the concept of continuity of care

Answer 23

Continuity of care is concerned with quality of care over time.
The process by which the patient and his/her physician-led care team are cooperatively involved in ongoing health care management toward the shared goal of high quality, cost-effective medical care.
Continuity of care is facilitated by a physician-led, team-based approach to health care. It reduces fragmentation of care and thus improves patient safety and quality of care.

Question 24

Explore the concept of physicians and medical students as first responders, as well their legal liabilities

Answer 24

If duty of care can be established but a physician does not help then a doctor may have a case of negligence brought against them, as refusal to render assistance could breach that duty.
Legally they are required to assist within a standard of their abilities. (Lowns v Woods)

Question 25

Briefly explain virtue, professionalism and their relevance to medicine

Answer 25

Acting with virtue and professionalism is paramount to practicing medicine ethically and providing high quality care.