CASE 1 Flashcards
blood plasma
- mostly water
- nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, electrolytes
Electrolytes
maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH
plasma proteins
- most abundant plasma solutes
- produced by liver (not hormones and gamma globulins)
- not taken up by cells
Albumin
- 60% of plasma proteins
- contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
- binds certain hormones/drugs to deliver them to their target
- blood buffer
Globulins
- Alpha/beta : transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat soluble vitamins
- Gamma: antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
Fibrinogen
form fibrin threads of blood clot
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
by products of cellular metabolism, urea and uric acid
nutrients
absorbed from the digestive tract
respiratory gasses
- O2 and CO2
- O2 bound to hemoglobin
- CO2 dissolved as bicarbonate or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin (carbonate buffer)
hormones
- steriod (needs second messengers)
- thyroid (peptide hormones, no second messengers)
Formed elements in blood
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
Erythrocytes
- nu nucleus, anucleate
- bags of Hb
- spectrin, maintains the biconcave shape, but is deformable, allowing RBC to change shape
Leukocytes
- have nucleus
- diapedesis, slip out of the capillary blood vessels
- out of the bloodstream –> move through spaces by amoeboid motion
- leukocytosis, response of our body on infection, amount of leukocytes is highly increased
most abundant to least abundant leukocytes
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Granulocytes
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- shorter lifespan than erythrocytes
- all granulocytes are phagocytes
- contain granules
Neutrophils
- most numerous
- can take up basic and acidic substances
- bacteria ckillers
- increase rapidly and are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation
- active phagocytes
Eosinophils
- cant digest bacteria
- lead the counterattack against parasitic worms
Basophils
- rarest WBC’s
- contain large histamine containing granules
- histamine is inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts other white blood cells to the site
agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- lack granules
lymphocytes
- closely associated with lymphoid tissue
- play role in immune system
- T-lymphocytes, directly against virusses
- B-lymphocytes, produce antibodies
monocytes
- circulate in bloodstream
- when leave bloodstream –> macrophages
platelets
- not cells
- clotting process –> sticking to damaged site –> form temporary plug
- no nucleus
repair system
- vasoconstriction by smooth muscle
- injury to lining of vessels exposes collagen fibers, to which platelets adhere
- platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, plug forms
- fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC’s and platelets
thrombopoietin
regulates formation of platelets
hematopoiesis
blood cell formation
hematopoietic stem cells
all blood cells arise from
erythropoiesis
- red blood cell formation
- red bone marrow
- hematopoietic stem cells divide into pro-erythroblasts which will produce erythrocytes
leukopoiesis
- white blood cells formation
- stimulated by chemical messengers, interleukins and colony-stimulating factors (CSF)
hematopoietic stem cells
- divide into myeloid stem cells and lymphoid stem cells
lymphoid stem cells
produce macrophages and lymphocytes
myeloid stem cells
produce eosinophils, basophils and neutrophils
thrombopoiesis
platelets formation
- formed out of megakaryocytes
Function of blood
- distribution
- regulation
- protection
distribution
- delivering oxygen from lungs
- delivering nutrients from digestive tract
- transport metabolic waste products from cells to elimination sites
- transporting hormones from endocrine organs to their target organs
regulation
- maintain appropriate body temperature, absorb and distribute heat
- maintain normal pH in body tissue
- maintain fluid volume. Blood proteins prevent excessive fluid loss.
protection
- preventing blood loss via platelets and plasma proteins
- preventing infection via leukocytes
transport through cell membranes
- directly through lipid bilayer
- transport proteins
- diffusion
- active transport
Diffusion
- movement along with concentration gradient, high to low
1. simple diffusion: through a membrane, or through intermolecular spaces, no carrier proteins
2. facilitated diffusion: with carrier protein or channel proteins, channel proteins are faster than carrier proteins
3. osmosis: diffusion of water across selective permeable membrane to maintain equal concentrations
active transport
- movement substances with carrier protein, against concentration gradient, low to high
1. primary active transport: energy directly from breakdown ATP, sodium potassium pump
2. secondary active transport: energy secondarily from energy that has been stored in the form of ionic concentration differences on two sides of cell membrane.
sodium potassium pump
- sodium out of the cells –> concentration gradient develops with high concentration outside the cell and low concentration inside
- this gradient stores energy, because outside sodium always tries to diffuse to inside.
- Co-transport/secondary active transport: diffusion energy of sodium can pull other substances along with them through cell membrane
counter transport
- substance to be transported is on inside and must go to outside –> sodium ion binds to carrier protein where it projects to the exterior surface of membrane
types of active transport
- Symport: two transport same direction (secondary active transport)
- antiport: two transport in other direction (secondary active transport.
- uniport: only one substance goes in (primary active transport)
endocytosis
- cell transports molecules into the cell
1. pinocytosis: small droplets with nutrients from extracellular to intracellular
2. phagocytosis: cell absorbs bacteria –> forms phagosome inside the cell –> stores content safely
3. receptor regulated endocytosis: cells absorb metabolites, hormones, proteins and viruses by inward budding of plasma membrane. mediated by receptors on surface of the cell
exocytosis
- vesicle has V snare on it.
- on target membrane has T snare
- where they bind it can release its cargo
continuous capillaries
- endothelial cells are joined with tight junctions
- found in muscle, connective tissue and neural tissue
fenestrated capillaries
- larger pores that allow high volumes of fluid to pass rapidly between plasma and interstitial fluid
- found in kidney and intestine
sinusoids
- found in bone marrow, liver, spleen
- 5x wider than a capillary
- has fenestrations
- found where blood cells and plasma proteins need to cross the endothelium to enter the blood.
Capillaries
- blood flow is lowest –> combined surface area is much bigger than the surface area of a normal vessel
- capillary exchange –> diffusion and transcytosis.
- larger molecules are transported across the endothelium by transcytosis.
bulk flow
refers to the mass movement of fluid as a result of hydrostatic or osmotic pressure gradients.
- Absorption: into the capillary
- Filtration: out of the capillary
Hydrostatic pressure
between capillaries and tissues
forces fluid out of the capillary through tight junctions
blood hydrostatic pressure
force exerted by blood in blood vessels
CHP, capillary hydrostatic pressure
pressure exerted by blood against wall of capillary
osmotic pressure
due to non-diffusible solutes. Pulls fluid across the boundary
Ficks law
Dv = D x ((A x T x deltaC ) / d ))
- Dv: diffusion velocity
- D: constant factor
- A: diffusion surface
- T: temperature
- deltaC: concentration difference
- d: diffusion distance
colloid osmotic pressure
- pressure created by presence of proteins, present in plasma but nog in interstitial fluid.
- has a constant value
- higher in plasma than in interstitial fluid, water from interstitial fluid to plasma
extracellular fluid (ECF)
- all body fluids outside the cells
- main compound is interstitial fluid
- 14 liters
difference interstitial fluid and intracellular fluid
more potassium and proteins inside the cells. ECF more sodium and chloride
