CASE 1 Flashcards
blood plasma
- mostly water
- nutrients, gases, hormones, wastes, proteins, electrolytes
Electrolytes
maintain plasma osmotic pressure and normal blood pH
plasma proteins
- most abundant plasma solutes
- produced by liver (not hormones and gamma globulins)
- not taken up by cells
Albumin
- 60% of plasma proteins
- contributes to plasma osmotic pressure
- binds certain hormones/drugs to deliver them to their target
- blood buffer
Globulins
- Alpha/beta : transport proteins that bind to lipids, metal ions and fat soluble vitamins
- Gamma: antibodies released by plasma cells during immune response
Fibrinogen
form fibrin threads of blood clot
Nonprotein nitrogenous substances
by products of cellular metabolism, urea and uric acid
nutrients
absorbed from the digestive tract
respiratory gasses
- O2 and CO2
- O2 bound to hemoglobin
- CO2 dissolved as bicarbonate or CO2, or bound to hemoglobin (carbonate buffer)
hormones
- steriod (needs second messengers)
- thyroid (peptide hormones, no second messengers)
Formed elements in blood
- erythrocytes
- leukocytes
- platelets
Erythrocytes
- nu nucleus, anucleate
- bags of Hb
- spectrin, maintains the biconcave shape, but is deformable, allowing RBC to change shape
Leukocytes
- have nucleus
- diapedesis, slip out of the capillary blood vessels
- out of the bloodstream –> move through spaces by amoeboid motion
- leukocytosis, response of our body on infection, amount of leukocytes is highly increased
most abundant to least abundant leukocytes
- neutrophils
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- eosinophils
- basophils
Never Let Monkeys Eat Bananas
Granulocytes
- neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
- shorter lifespan than erythrocytes
- all granulocytes are phagocytes
- contain granules
Neutrophils
- most numerous
- can take up basic and acidic substances
- bacteria ckillers
- increase rapidly and are chemically attracted to sites of inflammation
- active phagocytes
Eosinophils
- cant digest bacteria
- lead the counterattack against parasitic worms
Basophils
- rarest WBC’s
- contain large histamine containing granules
- histamine is inflammatory chemical that acts as vasodilator and attracts other white blood cells to the site
agranulocytes
- lymphocytes
- monocytes
- lack granules
lymphocytes
- closely associated with lymphoid tissue
- play role in immune system
- T-lymphocytes, directly against virusses
- B-lymphocytes, produce antibodies
monocytes
- circulate in bloodstream
- when leave bloodstream –> macrophages
platelets
- not cells
- clotting process –> sticking to damaged site –> form temporary plug
- no nucleus
repair system
- vasoconstriction by smooth muscle
- injury to lining of vessels exposes collagen fibers, to which platelets adhere
- platelets release chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky, plug forms
- fibrin forms a mesh that traps RBC’s and platelets
thrombopoietin
regulates formation of platelets