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Lboro Geography > Cartography, Digital Mapping and GIS - Year 1 - Lectures 8 to 10 > Flashcards

Cartography, Digital Mapping and GIS - Year 1 - Lectures 8 to 10 Flashcards

1
Q

What does this define?
One of the principal concepts of behavioural geography, referring to the psychological representation of places as revealed by simple paper and pencil tests

A

Mental maps

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2
Q

What are the characteristics of mental maps?

A

Internalized representations of the environment – paths walked frequently more relevant and prominent (representations of the world around us from our perspective)
· Images of places at different scales
· Influenced by experience; information from a variety of sources
· Provide a basis for environmental decision-making
· Concept developed in the 1960s in the context of a psychological turn in human geography (behavioural geography)
· Environmental perception as mediation between environment and human action

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3
Q

What does this define?
A map that purposely distorts geographic space based on values of a theme (e.g. making the size of countries proportional to population)

A

Cartogram

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4
Q

What does this define?

Real-world distances are distorted to reflect some attribute, e.g. flight times between major airports

A

Distance cartograms

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5
Q

What does this define?
Scale administrative units as a function of the value of an attribute associated with the administrative unit (e.g. population)

A

Area cartograms

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6
Q

What are these the characteristics of?
· Based on a uniformly shaped symbol (typically a circle)
· Size of symbol is function of a variable (e.g. population)
· Algorithm places symbol in centre of each unit; then overlap is gradually eliminated
o Focus is on human geography of a region rather than on its physical extent
o Small areas with large populations are more apparent here than on traditional maps
o Provide no shape information for administrative units

A

Dorling’s cartograms

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7
Q

What does this define?
A collection of world maps called cartograms, where territories are re-sized on each map according to the subject of interest.

A

Worldmapper

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8
Q

What does this define?
A map used to depict the movement of phenomena between geographic locations; generally this is done using ‘flow lines’ of varying thickness

A

Flow map

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9
Q

What are these the characteristics of?
· Show linear movement between places
· Lines are used as symbols to represent flow
- Quantitative: width of flow lines are drawn proportional to the quantity of movement
- Qualitative: lines unscaled and usually of uniform thickness
· Arrows indicate directions

A

Flow map

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10
Q

What are these the characteristics of?

  • Show movement of vehicles past a route point
  • Varying line widths
  • Usually without directional symbols
A

Traffic flow maps

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11
Q

What are these the characteristics of?

  • Do not portray actual routes followed
  • Illustrate social or economic interaction
  • Straight lines connect points of origin and destination
  • Usually without directional symbols
A

Desire line maps

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12
Q

What does this define?

An exploratory technique used to visualize proximities (similarities)

A

Multidimensional scaling

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13
Q

What does this refer to?

Refers to conceptual space within ICTs

A

Cyberspace

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14
Q

What are the types of cyberspaces?

A
  • Internet -> global network of computers
  • Intranet -> private, corporate networks
  • Virtual reality -> Visual, interactive, computer-generated environments (totally immersive or screen-based)
  • Telecommunications -> phone
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15
Q

What does this define?

The representation of information in the form of a chart, diagram, picture, etc.

A

Data visualisation

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16
Q

What are the two ways of viewing the power of maps?

A
  • Maps as communicative devices (Map Communication Model: MCM)
  • Maps as a Social Construct
17
Q

What do these describe maps as?

  • Map making is very political
  • Scientific, functional approach to cartography
  • Separation between cartographer and user
  • Presentation of stable, known information by cartographer
  • Map communicates information to the user
  • Cognitive abilities of map user important
  • Search for optimal (best) map through methods of communication
  • Key author: Arthur Robinson (1915-2004)
A

Maps as communicative devices

Map Communication Model: MCM

18
Q

What do these describe maps as?
• Maps as practices and sites of power-knowledge
• Judgements of ‘best’ arise from privileged discourses which subjugate other cartographic knowledges (e.g. non-scientific, local, cartographies of resistance)
• Maps are transient rather than permanent (exploration rather than presentation of the real world)
• Cartographer-user dichotomy is conflated (user can be the cartographer, e.g. web-mapping)
• Key author: Brian Harley (1932-1991)

A

Maps as a Social Construct

19
Q

What did Harley argue in his key article published in Cartographica in 1989?

A

He argues that every map is a social construct, there is no propaganda vs true.
• Challenges primacy of the map as communication
• Focuses on power relations inherent in mapping; map as a social construction and cultural text -> contrasts Robinson’s view
• ‘Crisis of representation’
• Shouldn’t clame that cartography is only scientific

20
Q

What does this define?

Transforms the curved, three-dimensional surface of the earth into a flat, two-dimensional plane

A

Map Projections

21
Q

What are the three types of map projections?

A
  • Mercator
  • Peters
  • Robinson’s
22
Q

Describe the Mercator’s projection.

A

Preserves shapes, distorts areas

23
Q

Describe the Peter’s projection.

A

Preserve areas, distorts shape

24
Q

Describe the Robinson’s projection.

A

A compromise - neither the area or shape are correct.

25
Q

What are these the methods for?

  • Areal aggregation
  • Use of classification methods
  • Selection of variables displayed
  • Use of grey scale and colour
  • Use of language (e.g. ‘labour force participation’ or ‘job losses’)
A

“Making Nonsense of the Census”

26
Q

What are these the methods for?

  • Falsification of maps
  • Territorial claims
  • Omissions
  • Use of shading and colour
  • Naming
A

Disinformation and Propoganda

27
Q

True or False

Maps are neutral and objective

A

False, maps are not neutral and objective

28
Q

Why do maps require a critical interpretation?

A

Maps require a critical interpretation as cartographers are often trying to portray an opinion or view.

29
Q

What theory is this?
A theory in cartography that characterizes mapping as a process of transmitting geographic information via the map from the cartographer to the end-user

A

Map Communication Model

30
Q

What does this define?

An idea that has been created and accepted by the people in a society

A

Social construct

31
Q

What is the study of place names known as?

A

Toponymy

32
Q

What does this define?

The process of using the maps delivered by geographic information systems (GIS) in World Wide Web.

A

Web cartography

33
Q

What does this define?
The notion refers to a set of tools and techniques supporting geospatial communication and information analysis through the use of interactive maps.

A

Geovisualisation

34
Q

What does this define?
Widespread engagement of large numbers of private citizens in mapping -> idea that it is no longer just experts making maps.

A

Volunteered geographic information (VGI)

35
Q

What is geotagging?

A

adding geographical metadata

36
Q

What is mash-up?

A

superimpose geographic information

37
Q

What does this define?

Uses real-time geo-data from a mobile device or smartphone to provide information, entertainment or security.

A

Location-based services

38
Q

What does this define?

When there’s a cluster of data points on an Ariel view of a map.

A

Areal aggregation

Lboro Geography (4 decks)

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