Cartography Flashcards
data that involves an aspect of location on the earth’s surface or near surface which is converted to a form that is meaningful to a user
geographic information/spatial information
a system of hardware, software, and procedures designed to support the capture, management, manipulation, analysis, modeling and display of spatially referenced data
geographic information system
set of computer based systems for managing geographic data and using these data to solve real world spatiall problems
geographic information system
paper map - static, snapshot of real world at a given time only
Conventional data
dynamic; allows a range of functions for storing, processing, analyzing and visualizing spatial data
digital geographic data
hardware, softwqare, data, methods, people
5 components of GIS
computer system on which the GIS software will run used for acquisition, storage, analysis and display of geog information
hardware
provides the functions and tools needed to store, analyze, and display geog information
software
core of GIS
data
images, census, surveys
primary data capture
maps, plans
secondary data capture
GIS users range from technical specialist who design and maintain the system to those who use it to help them perform their everyday work
people
various techniques used for map creation and further usage for any project. models to come up with the desired products.
methods
representation of the real world geogrpahic features in digital form to be stored in a GIS database.
geographic data models
the world is a continuous field in 2 or 3 dimensions. raster data model, e.g. elevation, soils
field-based model
well defined (discreet) boundaries such as buildings and roads, or diffused (fuzzy) boundaries such as forests and beaches. vector data model
object based model
area is covered by grid with equal-sized square cells containing an attribute value for each.
raster
features in the real world are represented either as points, lines, or areas, (polygons)
vector
adjacency, containment, connectivity
topological relationships
software designed to organize the efficient storage, manipulation, and access to data within an integrated database
database management system (DBMS)
contains geographic data of a particulat subject for a particular area
geographic database
a collection of tables or relaltions that can be connected to each other by keys.
relational DBMS
manipulation of spatial data into various forms to be able to extract additional and meaningul information to understand the real world. to identify the PATTERN.
spatial analysis
creates a composite map. an operation that superimposes multiple data
overlay
performed using mathematical/logical operators (and, or, xor, not).
raster overlay
involves a focal cell and its surrouding cells
neighborhood operations
each sample point has a local influence that diminishes with distance
inverse distance weighted
performed to select features that satisfy a set of criteria based on the attributes.
querying
creation of zone of interest around an entity
buffering
feature of features which overlap in all layers and/or classess.
intersect (and)
computes a geometric union of the input features. all features and their attributes will be written to the outpur feature class
union (or)
features that do not overlap will be written to the output feature class. BAWAL YUNG INTERSECTION.
symmetrical difference (XOR)
only those portions of the input features falling outside the erase features are copied to the output.
difference/subtract/erase (AND NOT)
the input features thereof that overlap identity features will get the attributes of those identity features.
identity
uses a polygon boundary to cut features and their attributes from a feature class.
clip
the attributes are updated
cover/update
generalizes features by combining features based on a specified attributes.
dissolve
combine point, line, polygon, classes, feature
append/merge
joins attributes. no map outputs
spatial join
a way of constructing a surface from a set of irregular spaced data points.
Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN)
common boundary between two areas of a locality
adjacency
area features which are wholly contained within another area feature
containment
geometric property which describes the linkage between line features
connectivity
key components of spatial quality
positional accuracy, lineage/completeness, temporal accuracy, logical consistency
descriptive text used to label map features stored either as a simple text element in the map, or as a feature class in a geodatabase
annotation
7-bit (128 characters) used as a computer’s alphabet
ASCII
stands for american standard code for information interchange
ASCII
true or false answer
boolean expression
map consisting of areas of equal value separated by abrupt boundaries
choropleth map
spatial adjustment process that aligns features along the edge of one layer to adjoining layer.
edgematching
an editing process that separates a multipart feature into its component features, which become independent features
explode
collection of geographic features with the same geometry type, same attributes, and same spatial reference
feature class
a map displaying the distribution of an attribute in terms of lines connecting points of equal value
isopleth
process of reducing details on a map because of change in map scale
generalization
method of surveying where in the lengths of the triangle sides are measured, and angles are computed
trilateration
color used as a surface tint to portray built up urban areas and the area coverage of large cities
pink
the REC for a secondary traverse
1:10000
opening driven into an ore deposit for use as haulways, ventilation, or access
level
shade between black and white
halftone
style of letter which have heavy strokes and consisting of heavy and light lines
roman letters
measurement or acquisition of some property of an object or phenomenon, by a recording device that is not in physical contact with the object or phenomenon under study.
remote sensing
Waves propagate through space in the form of sine waves. These waves are characterized by two fields, _______________________ and _______________________, which are perpendicular to each other.
electrical and magnetic
speed of light (c= 3x10^8 m/s)
velocity
is the length of wave cycle, measured in meters (m) or some factor of meters:
Wavelength (ג)
refers to the number of cycles of a wave passing a fixed point per unit of time. Normally measured in Hertz (Hz).
Frequency (v)
T or F, the longer the wavelength, the lower the frequency
true
The continuum of energy that ranges from m to nm in wavelength, travels at the speed of light, and propagates through a vacuum such as outer space.
Electromagnetic Spectrum
T or F, the shorter the wavelength, the higher the frequency
true
frequently used in remote sensing, vegetation
NIR (near infrared)
region that is highly used for remote sensing
visible region
is a hypothetical ideal radiator that
totally absorbs and re-emits
all energy incident upon it.
blackbody
The thermal energy radiated by a blackbody radiator per second per unit area is proportional to the 4th power of the absolute temperature.
Stefan-Boltzmann Law
The energy emitted by an object is a
function of its temperature.
Planck’s Law
When the temperature of a blackbody radiator increases, the overall radiated energy increases and the peak of the radiation curve moves to shorter wavelengths.
Wien’s Displacement Law
Wavelength at which maximum energy is emitted is
the ‘color’ of emitting object is called the _______.
brightness temperature
the ____ of the surface of a material is its effectiveness in emitting energy as thermal radiation.
emissivity
When the incoming solar radiation passes through the atmosphere, it may come in contact with atmospheric particles and gases
scattering and absorption
The gases absorb the EM radiation at specific wavelengths called _______.
absorption bands
However, the high interviewing transmittance regions are often known as ____.
atmospheric windows
When the incoming radiation and light passes through the atmosphere, it will be affected by the atmospheric particles, and this will result in the redirection of the light from its original path.
scattering
_______________ occurs when particles (O, N molecules) are very small when compared to incoming solar radiation.
rayleigh scattering
_____________________ occurs when the incoming solar radiation and the atmospheric particles have the same size (dust, pollen, smoke and water vapor).
mie scattering
______ occurs when lower atmosphere contains sufficient number of suspended aerosols – diameters 10 x larger than wavelengths under consideration (water droplets, dust and ice crystals).
non-selective scattering
has a distinctive reflectance curve: Absorption in blue, Reflection in green, Absorption in red, Strong reflection in NIR
Green vegetation
Every natural and synthetic object on the earth’s surface and near surface reflects and emits EMR over a range of wavelengths in its own characteristic way according to its chemical and physical state
spectral signature
Increasing level of reflectance with increasing wavelength, particularly in the visible and NIR portions
SOIL
unmanned vehicle (air,land, sea) can navigate autonomously without human control or beyond the line of sight
drone or UAV/UAS
T/F. A drone is considered an aircraft
True
The LMB ______ recognizes UAS as one of the instruments that may be used in the conduct of land survey
Memorandum Circular (LMC) No, 2017-003
_______ type of UAV is preferred in surveying larger areas
Fixed-wing
The ____technique requires multiple, overlapping photos as input to feature extraction of 3D reconstruction algorithms using bundle adjustment procedures
SfM (structure from motion)
refers to the perception of depth and 3d structure associated with binocular vision
stereopsis/stereoscopic depth
UAS mapping research show that forward overlaps of ____ % yield accurate mapping results
80
UAS mapping research show that side-laps of ____ % yield accurate mapping results
70
flight plans should be referenced to ____ datum.
wgs84
photographic image with uniform scale throughout
orthophoto
VTOL means
verical take-off and landing
Traditional photogrammetry relies on ____ for aerial
triangulation to general supplementary photocontrol
points while UAV photogrammetry uses
numerous identifiable ground _____ matched by
software to rectify the aerial images.
GCPs; features
Small UAVs have take-off weights for mapping
purposes from ______ kgs and are equipped with
non-metric digital camera in the ______ megapixel
range.
1 to 5; 10 to 16
The SfM technique incorporates two automatic
feature-matching algorithms, namely:
Multi-view Stereopsis (MvS)
/Scale Invariant Feature Transform (SIFT)
This is utilized to validate UAS products by using a
network of ground validation points with highly
accurate 3D coordinates determined by
established terrestrial surveys methods.
Test bed
Who is in-charge in calibrating and registering UAS
that will be used for land surveying pursual to
Section 22, DAO No. 2007-29?
LMB-GSD
As part of survey returns, hardcopy of ortho-image
covering the entire project shall be printed on
paper not exceeding _______.
54 x 54 cm
What is the meaning of IVAS?
Inspection, Verification and Approval of Survey
Resolution in aerial photography is measured as
_______.
Ground Sample Distance (GSD)
T/F. In validating UAV data, more ground control points
(scattered around the area being mapped)
permit more accurate results.
true
The coordinates of GCPs should be connected to
either NAMRIA or DENR-LMS stations, referenced to
WGS84 or PRS92 Datum using either electronic
total station of by differential GNSS to an accuracy
less than ____ cm.
2
The GCPs are _____ identified on the images
manually
_____ is used to generate a surface model in the
form of polygon mesh/TIN or raster format.
