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Cartilage Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Cartilage

A

a tough, durable form of supporting connective tissue, characterized by anextracellular matrixwith high concentrations of glycosaminoglycans (GAGs) and proteoglycans, a hydrated amorphous gel containing collagen and elastic fibers.

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2
Q

What are the fibers responsible for?

A

resilience, flexibility, and tensile strength of cartilage.

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3
Q

Cartilage cells

A

Chondrocytes

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4
Q

Chondrocytes derived and location

A

Derives from a mesenchymal stem cell
Sparse but essential for production and maintenance of matrix
Located in matrix cavities calledlacunae

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5
Q

Extracellular matrix (ECM) of Cartilage tissue

A

more than 95% of tissue
Unlike connective tissue proper, contains no other cell type
Highly specialized

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6
Q

What type of tissue in Cartilage

A

Avascular tissue
large number of GAGs/type 2 collagen permitting diffusion from blood vessels.

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7
Q

Importance of Cartilage

A
  1. Can bear mechanical stress without permanent damage due to interactions between collagen fibrils and proteoglycans of extracellular matrix.
  2. Key tissue in development of fetal skeleton.
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8
Q

How are the 3 types of cartilage distinguished?

A
  1. Appearance and mechanical properties
  2. Basis of characteristics of extracellular matrix (ECM).
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9
Q

3 types of cartilage

A

Hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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10
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A

ECM contains type 2 collagen fibers, GAGs, proteoglycans, multi-adhesive glycoproteins

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11
Q

Elastic carilage

A

Elastic fibers and lamellae + matrix material of hyaline cartilage

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12
Q

Fibrocartilage

A

Type I collagen + matrix material of hyaline cartilage

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13
Q

Distribution of cartilage in adults

A
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14
Q

Distribution of hyaline cartilage

A

-articular cartilages of joints
-cartilage of ribs
-cartilages of respiratory tract (tracheal rings, bronchial plates)
-cartilages of larynx (thyroid, crycoid, arytenoids)

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15
Q

Distribution of elastic cartilage

A

-external ear
-external acoustic meatus
-cartilages of larynx (epiglottis, corniculate, cuneiform)
-auditory tube (Eustachian tube)

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16
Q

Distribution of Fibrocartilage

A

-intervertabral discs
-symphysis pubis
-articular discs of temperomandibular and sternoclavicular joints
-menisci of knee joint
-triangular fibrocartilage complex (wrist joint)
-insertion of tendons that attach bone

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17
Q

Most abundant molecules in cartilage matrix

A

type II collagen fibrils and proteoglycans linked to hyaluronan.
highly hydrated, flexible material with great strength.

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18
Q

Transition area

A

Between the perichondrium and cartilage matrix

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19
Q

How is chondrocytes formed

A

Fibroblast-like progenitor cells in the perichondrium give rise to chondroblasts.
Chondroblasts divide and differentiate as chondrocytes– produce matrix component and exist in lacunae surrounded by the matrix

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20
Q

Territorial matrix and what does it contain

A

ECM around each lacuna which contains proteoglycans and sparse collagen (distant from lacuna)

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21
Q

Interterritorial matrix

A

Richer in collagen and less basophilic

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22
Q
A

Hyaline (glass) cartilage

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23
Q

The most common type of cartilage

A

Hyaline (glass) cartilage

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24
Q

Hyaline cartilage homogeneity and appearance in living state

A

Is homogeneous and semi-transparent in the fresh state
Matrix appears glassy in living state Throughout matrix are spaces: Lacunae
In the lacunae there are: CHONDROCYTES

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25
What does the hyaline cartilage provide
Low-friction surface Lubrication of synovial joints Distributes applied forces to underlying bone
26
MOLECULAR COMPOSITION OF HYALINE CARTILAGE
27
Hyaline cartilage
28
Hyaline cartilage repair capacity
Limited except articular cartilage
29
Breaks down with age
Articular cartilage
30
Osteoarthritis
Degenerative joint disease
31
Three kinds of GAGs (Glycosaminoglycans) are found in the ground substance
Hyaluronan Chondroitin sulfate Keratan sulfate
32
GAGs are bound to a core protein to form
Proteoglycan monomer
33
What is the Proteoglycan monomer
Aggrecan
34
PROTEOGLYCANS IN HYALINE CARTILAGE
Presence of sulfate groups Large negative charge Great affinity for water molecules
35
Each linear ..1.. molecule has a large number of ...2... forming ..3..
1.hyaluronan 2. aggrecans 3. proteoglycan aggregates
36
1.. are bound to ..2.. by ..3..
1. Proteoglycan aggregates 2. bound to collagen fibrils 3. electrostatic interactions and multiadhesive glycoproteins
37
Some other proteoglycans (decorin, biglycan, fibromodulin)
help to stabilize matrix, not form aggregates
38
MULTIADHESIVE GLYCOPROTEINS IN HYALINE CARTILAGE
Non-collagenous and non-proteoglycan link glycoproteins
39
What interactions do the multi adhesive glycoproteins in hyaline cartilage help in?
interactions between the chondrocytes and matrix help anchor chondrocytes to matrix : Anchorin CII (cartilage annexin V) Tenascin Fibronectin
40
Clinical use of glycoproteins in hyaline cartilage
as a marker of collagen turnover
41
Entrapment of aggregates in matrix of collagen fibrils
Unique biomechanical properties of hyaline cartilage
42
Green: Hyaluronan Red: aggregates Purple:
43
Chondrocytes
Specialized cells that produce and maintain ECM
44
Chondrocytes distribution
singularly or in clusters called isogenous groups
45
ISOGENOUS groups
represent recently divided cells
46
What do newly divided chondrocytes produce
represent recently divided cells
47
..1.. immediately around the chondrocytes is more ..2.. than ..3..
1. Territorial matrix 2. basophilic 3. Interterritorial matrix
48
Hyaline cartilage
49
perichondrium (P)
a dense connective tissue (type I collagen)
50
Among the fibroblastic cells of the perichondrium are
indistinguishable mesenchymal stem cells differentiate to larger and more rounded as chondroblasts and chondrocytes (C)
51
chondroblasts and chondrocytes (C) location
within lacunae surrounded by the matrix (M)
52
chondroblasts and chondrocytes (C) location
within lacunae surrounded by the matrix (M)
53
54
Young chondrocytes TEM: Numerous RER, Large Golgi apparatus, Secretory granules, intermediate filaments, microtubules, actin filaments
-Cytoplasmic basophilia (protein synthesis) -Clear areas (Golgi apparatus-arrows in figure)
55
Young chondrocytes are
active in matrix production
56
Old chondrocytes are
less active cells
57
Old chondrocytes description
-Smaller Golgi apparatus -Sites of extracted lipid droplets and glycogen stores -Considerable distortion and shrinkage (after tissue preparation)
58
RER: rough endoplasmic reticulum, G: Golgi apparatus, M:mitochondria, N: nucleus
Young chondrocyte
59
Ground substance is ..1.. (high amount of ..2..)
1. Basophilic 2. Sulfate group
60
How is the matrix stained in Isogenous group
Not homogenously
61
..1.. with ..2.. THUS matrix is not stained uniformly
1. rate of basophilia 2. concentration of sulfate proteoglycan
62
Capsular (pericellular) matrix
Immediately around chondrocyte Highest concentration of sulfated proteoglycans Has type VI collagen (binds to integrin receptors on cell surface)
63
Territorial matrix
Surrounds the isogenous groups Lower concentration of sulfated proteoglycans Network of type II, smaller amount of type IX
64
Interterritorial matrix
Surrounds territorial matrix Occupies space between chondrocytes
65
In mature cartilage, this interstitial mitotic activity .. and chondrocytes
ceases and chondrocytes become widely separated due to their production of a matrix.
66
FORMATION OF THE CARTILAGE: CHONDROGENESIS
a. Embryonic mesenchyme is the precursor tissue of all types of cartilage. b. Mitotic proliferation of mesenchymal cells and formation of rounded cells: CHONDROBLASTS. c. Chondroblasts produce matrix and get separated from each other d. Replication of cartilage cells gives rise to isogenous aggregates surrounded by a condensation of territorial matrix. 
67
How does Chondrogenesis begin
aggregation of chondro-progenitor mesenchymal cells to form rounded cells
68
Most cartilage cells arise from
Mesenchyme (In the head of the embryo from ecto-mesenchyme )
69
Aggregation of mesenchymal/ecto-mesenchymal cells forms
chondrogenic nodule
70
SOX-9 expression
Chondrogenic nodule cells differentiate into: CHONDROBLASTS
71
How are CHONDROCYTES formed
Chondroblasts secrete ECM, move apart as they deposit matrix
72
How is PERICHONDRIUM formed
Mesenchymal tissue immediately surrounding chondrogenic nodule forms
73
As matrix is produced, what are the 2 types of cartilage growth?
Appositional growth Interstitial growth
74
Appositional growth
The process that forms new cartilage at the surface of an existing one
75
Interstitial growth
The process that forms new cartilage within an existing cartilage mass
76
Interstitial growth
77
Appositional growth
78
PERICHONDRIUM two layers
Inner cellular layer (Precursors of chondroblasts) Outer fibrous layer
79
Articular Cartilage
80
Articular cartilage includes
Hyaline cartilage that covers the articular surfaces of movable joints Articular (free) and opposite surface (contacting bone) do not have perichondrium
81
In fetal life most long bones are represented by
hyaline cartilage models cartilage models represent shape of mature bone
82
cartilage is replaced by bone through
endochondral ossification
83
After birth, hyaline cartilage remains in
epiphyseal growth plate of long bones (only as long as long bones grow) articular surfaces of joints costal cartilages trachea, bronchi, larynx, nose
84
Results from both types of cartilage growth
1. Interstitial secretion of new matrix material by chondrocytes 2. Appositional secretion of matrix material by newly differentiated chondroblasts
85
C: cartilage, JC: joint cavity, CT: connective tissue, B: bone, MC: medullary cavity
LM image of developing skeleton, fetal finger
86
Elastic cartilage
87
Elastic cartilage
- Dense network of branching and anastomosing elastic fibers and sheets of elastic material with components of hyaline cartilage matrix - Elastic properties - Surrounded by a perichondrium - Unlike hyaline cartilage, do not calcify by aging
88
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Fibrocartilage
90
Fibrocartilage
-a mixture of hyaline cartilage and dense connective tissue -Chondrocytes are dispersed among collagen fibers in rows and isogenous groups -Less cartilage matrix around chondrocytes -No surrounding perichondrium -Functions as a shock-absorber so found in intervertebral disc, articular disc of knee…
91
Main cell types in fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes (round nuclei) Fibroblasts (elongated nuclei)
92
Main cell types in fibrocartilage
Chondrocytes (round nuclei) Fibroblasts (elongated nuclei)
93
94
Fibrocartilage
95
Why does cartilage have limited repair capacity?
Avascular tissue Immobile cells Limited ability to proliferate Perichondrial cells usually involved: dense connective tissue
96
Hyalin cartilage is prone to
Calcification
97
Calcification
-At the portion of articular cartilage in contact with bone -When cartilage is replaced by bone (endochondral ossification) -As a component of aging
98
When matrix is calcified chondrocytes
swell, die and replaced by bone
99
Hyaline cartilage is prone to calcification with increasing age. B: bone C: cartilage
LM image of trachea in an old person
100
101
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Elastic cartilage
103
Fibrocartilage
104
defective cartilage, joint deformities, or short limbs are due to
recessive mutations in genes for:  collagen type II, the aggrecan core protein, the sulfate transporter, and other proteins required for normal chondrocyte function.
105
Osteoarthritis
commonly occurs during aging, involves the gradual loss or changed physical properties of the hyaline cartilage that lines the articular ends of bones in joints.
106
Hyaline cartilage is susceptible to calcification especially in which region
costal cartilage adjacent to the ribs.
107
Cells of cartilage can give rise to either tumors
benign (chondroma) slow-growing, malignant (chondrosarcoma)-cells produce normal matrix components.
108
How are Chondrosarcomas removed
surgically

Histology (2 decks)

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