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Clinical Labs And Lectures > Cartilage Response To Injury Lecture > Flashcards

Cartilage Response To Injury Lecture Flashcards

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1
Q

What type of cartilage is articular cartilage and where is it located

A

Joint surfaces, hyaline cartilage

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2
Q

Articular cartilage composition

A

70-80% water
Chondrocytes
Hyaline cartilage ECM

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3
Q

Type 2 collagen

A

Alpha chains are wound together in a triple helix
Large fibrilar structures
Arrange into arcade structure
Different that collagen in other locations

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4
Q

Normal cartilage is

A

Smooth, gray-white, glistening

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5
Q

Purpose of articular cartilage

A

Low friction gliding surface
Transmits weight bearing forces to underlying bone
Can withstand high cyclic loads

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6
Q

Injury to articular cartilage can be due to 2 things

A

Abnormal loading
Biochemical damage

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7
Q

Abnormal loading

A

Cyclic trauma
Direct, single overload trauma

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8
Q

Biochemical damage of articular cartilage

A

Joint inflammation, no direct trauma

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9
Q

Canine hip dysplasia

A

Improper alignment of the femoral head within acetabulum, increasing laxity

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10
Q

3 mutations in hip dysplasia

A

Mutations in formation of glycoprotein, proteoglycans, and fibrilar structure

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11
Q

Canine hip dysplasia is abnormal mechanical stress and vulnerability of tissues. This damages the …..

A

Articular cartilage

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12
Q

Joint homeostasis involves 2 processes

A

Anabolic synthesis and catabolic degradation

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13
Q

Injury starts cascade of inflammation and an increase in

A

Catabolism, degradation

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14
Q

In injury, chondrocytes are activated by

A

Stress

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15
Q

These cells act as their own inflammatory mediators

A

Chondrocytes

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16
Q

Injury causes the release of ……

A

Cytokines

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17
Q

Cytokines and examples

A

Modulate synthesis of catabolic enzymes
IL-1 beta, TNF alpha

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18
Q

Catabolic enzymes

A

MMP, Aggrecanase, IL-1

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19
Q

Catabolic enzymes are released by chondrocytes. The enzymes that breakdown collagen are

A

MMP which degrades the ECM

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20
Q

Chondrocytes release catabolic enzymes. The enzymes that break down proteoglycan are

A

Aggrecanase

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21
Q

Catabolic enzyme functions for cartilage injury

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A

Collagen breakdown, proteoglycan breakdown, degradation of ECM

22
Q

Physical articular cartilage injury steps (5)

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A

Abnormal stress to normal cartilage (trauma)
Direct damage to chondrocytes and collagen
Release of catabolic enzymes that degrade PG and collagen
Decreased synthesis of matrix (compaction)
Cartilage damage (degeneration and thinning)

23
Q

Biochemical articular cartilage steps (4)

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A

Inflammation of surrounding tissues from age or use
Release of catabolic enzymes that degrade PG and collagen
Decreased synthesis of matrix
Cartilage damage

24
Q

Tissue repair involves 2 things

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A

Replacement of damage cells and matrix
Regeneration

25
General phases of tissue healing
Inflammation Repair Remodel
26
Inflammation step of tissue healing Type of response? How long? Infiltration of? What repairs?
Vascular response 3-5 days Cellular infiltration (debridement) Scaffold for repair
27
Repair step of tissue healing Infiltration of? What type of response? How long?
Infiltration of cells, particularly fibroblasts Local cellular response 2 days - 2 weeks
28
Remodeling step of tissue healing Removal of? How long?
Removal of inferior tissue + replacement 2 weeks - 1 year +
29
How is the inflammatory phase a problem for cartilage injury response
Cartilage is avascular, so there is no blood supply No scaffold repair and no cellular infiltration
30
How is repair phase limited in cartilage injury response
No he;p with matrix synthesis by cellular infiltration since it is avascular
31
Larger defects of cartilage are filled with
Fibrocartilage
32
Problems with large defects being filled with fibrocartilage in cartilage injury response
Fibrocartilage has less gag and mostly collagen 1 so it is biochemically inferior which reduces function
33
Exclusive cartilage injury response step by step: trauma
Local death of chondrocytes and matrix loss
34
Exclusive cartilage injury response step by step: inflammation
No vascular infiltration No cellular infiltration No fibroblasts response to help healing
35
Exclusive cartilage injury response step by step: local repair
Local chondrocytes fill defect Increased mitotic activity Increased production of collagen and PG
36
Exclusive cartilage injury response step by step: remodeling
Incomplete, lesion remains
37
Complete repair in cartilage is …
Rare
38
Intrinsic cartilage repair
No vascular ingrowth Relies on chondrocytes CARTILAGE ONLY
39
Matrix flow
Forms lips of cartilage from perimeter that migrate towards center of defect Can only heal small defects Surface chondrocytes are more fibroblast-like Fibrocartilage is added to large defects CARTILAGE ONLY
40
Extrinsic cartilage repair
Vascular ingrowth from surrounding tissue Mesenchymal elements from subchondral bone Helps form new connective tissues
41
Articular cartilage repair 3 steps
Intrinsic repair Matrix flow Extrinsic repair
42
2 main limitations of cartilage repair
Avascular Inferior repair tissue
43
Osteoarthritis
Articular cartilage damage and degeneration Effects entire joint Can start with injury to any part of the joint
44
Cartilage is part of a joint and the joint is an …
Organ
45
Gross features of early cartilage degeneration
Thinning, surface dullness and roughness
46
Histological features of early cartilage degeneration
PG loss with matrix contraction and clefts Chondrocyte necrosis and loss
47
Progressive cartilage degeneration histological features
Larger areas of Chondrocyte loss Development of Chondrocyte clones, chondrones Loss of type 2 collagen in superficial to mid layers (goes to mid to deep layers)
48
Advanced cartilage degeneration gross features
Severe thinning and score lines Yellow discoloration Erosion, ulcers, subchondral hemorrhage
49
Advanced cartilage degeneration histological features
Matrix fibrillation (fraying) Development of vertical fissures Erosions Loss of hyaline articular cartilage
50
End stage cartilage degeneration histological and gross features
Ulcers and subchondral bone hemorrhage

Clinical Labs And Lectures (1 decks)

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