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Bones > Cartilage and Bones > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bones Flashcards

1
Q

What are the structures common to CT?

A
  1. cells

2. ECM- ground substance and fibers like collagen

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2
Q

What is the major type of collagen in bone?

A

Type I collagen

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3
Q

What is the major collagen in cartilage?

A

Type II collagen

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4
Q

What vitamin is necessary for proper collagen formation

A

vitamin C which helps with hydroxylating the proline and lysine so that more H bonds can be formed gibing collagen more strength

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5
Q

What is cartilage and what are its general functions?

A
  • specialized CT that has lots of strength due to the components of its ECM
  • provides support, shock absorption, smooth gliding surfaces, and skeletal framework
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6
Q

What are the 3 different types of cartilage?

A
  1. Hyaline
  2. Elastic
  3. Fibrocartilage
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7
Q

What is a chondrocyte?

A
  • The cells responsible for making the components of the ECM in cartilage.
  • makes lots of proteins, so has a huge RER to make collagen and a prominent golgi to make proteoglycans (link the collagen fibers at the molecular level)
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8
Q

What cell types do mesenchymal progenitor cell give rise to?

A
  1. myoblasts (muscle)
  2. adipocytes (fat)
  3. hypertrophic chondrocytes
  4. osteoblasts (bone)
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9
Q

What is the important transcription factor for chondrocyte differentiation?

A

Sox-9 is expressed in all mesenchymal stem cell condensations and proliferating chondrocytes, stimulating transcription of cartilage matrix genes

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10
Q

What are the two zones surrounding chondrocytes?

A

territorial matrix- immediately surrounding chondrocytes

inter-territorial matrix- further away from the individual chondrocytes

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11
Q

How does cartilage receive nutrients?

A

cartilage is avasular so it receives nutrients via diffusion form the surrounding vessels

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12
Q

What is the perichondrium?

A

sheath of dense CT that surrounds the cartilage and is filled with lymphatics, blood vessels and nerves. Consists of two layers that cannot be differentiated: the outer layer of fibroblasts and inner layer of chondroblast precursors

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13
Q

What type of cartilage does not contain a perichondrium?

A

articular cartilage, gets nutrients via diffusion from the synovial fluid

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14
Q

What are the two types of cartilage growth?

A
  1. Appositional (increases growth width by differentiation of perichondrial aka chondroblast cells)
  2. interstitial growth- mitotic divisions of preexisting chondrocytes (increases bone lengths at the growth plate)
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15
Q

Where can you find hyaline cartilage?

A
  • nose, costal cartilage, articular surfaces of movable joints and walls of larger respiratory passages (nose, larynx, trachea, bronchi), epiphyseal plate
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16
Q

What are the main components of hyaline cartilage?

A
  • collagen type II
  • ECM of ground substance has lots of proteoglycan aggregates like aggrecan that interact with collagen (connect the collagen fibers to one another)
  • has lots of GAGs that are negatively charged and allows for shock absorption and can bind to water
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17
Q

What kind of growth exists in hyaline cartilage?

A

appositional and interstitial

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18
Q

Where can you find elastic cartilage?

A

the outer ear and walls of external auditory canals, eustachian tubes, epiglottis and cuneiform cartilage in larynx (non articulating rods of cartilage)

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19
Q

What are the main components of elastic cartilage?

A
  • elastic fibers!

- type II collagen

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20
Q

What type of growth happens in elastic cartilage?

A

appositional and interstitial

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21
Q

Where can you find fibrocartilage?

A

less mobile joints like in the trachea and in between the intervertebral discs, pubic symphysis

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22
Q

What are the main characteristics of fibrocartilage?

A
  • type I collagen
  • no distinct perichondrium
  • serves as an intermediate in between the dense CT and hyaline cartilage
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23
Q

What type of growth is in fibrocartilage?

A

interstitial ONLY!

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24
Q

What are the cell types in bone?

A
  1. osteoblast
  2. osteoclast
  3. osteocyte
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25
Q

What are the components of the organic and inorganic portions of the ECM?

A

Organic: type I collagen, proteoglucans and non-collagenous proteins
Inorganic: calcium and phosphate

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26
Q

What is the role of the osteoblast and describe osteoblastogenesis?

A
  • synthesis and mineralization of bone ECM

- stem cell, mesenchymal cell, osteoprogenitor, pre-osteoblas, mature osteablast, osteocyte, apoptosis

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27
Q

What is the structure of an osteoblast?

A
  • polarized cell for making lots of proteins
  • can be cuboidal or columnar
  • sit on the surface of the bone.
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28
Q

What is the role of Runx-2?

A

expressed in osteoblast precursors and is absolutely necessary for osteoblastogenesis. If absent, no development of osteoblasts of hypertrophic chondrocytes and get no bone, pregnancy usually aborted very early on if this is not present

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29
Q

What is the role of osteoclasts and describe osteoclastogenesis?

A
  • bone resorption

- come from monocytic derivation and several monocyte precursors fuse resulting in an mature, multinucleate osteoclast.

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30
Q

What is the structure of an osteoclast?

A

large, multinucleate cell with 3 zones

  1. clear zone (right after sealing zone and has no nuclei)
  2. sealing zone (has integrins that bind the osteoclast to the bone)
  3. ruffled border (where the cell undergoes active resorption)
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31
Q

What is the Howship lacunae?

A

where the actively resorbing cells lie in the resorption cavities

32
Q

Describe how the osteoblasts and osteoclasts are linked for resorption and formation of bone?

A
  • Osteoblasts express RANKL and osteoclasts express RANK receptors. When the two physically come in contact with one another, this stimulates osteoclast formation and activation.
33
Q

What makes M-CSF and what does it do?

A

Osteoblasts also make M-CSF (macrophage colony stimulating factor) which stimulates early commitment to osteoclast lineage. Activates the osteoclasts and results in increased plasma calcium levels

34
Q

How is bone resorption controlled?

A

by OPG (osteoprotegerin) which is made my osteoblasts when they are stimulated by estrogen. They bind to RANKL and prevent ti from binding RANK

35
Q

What is the periosteum?

A

vascularized CT that surrounds the internal and external suffices of bone and the bone-forming cells

36
Q

What are the layers of the periosteum?

A
  1. outer layer: dense fibrous tissues containing fibroblasts
  2. Perforating (sharpey’s) fibers: binds periosteum to underlying bone
  3. Inner layer (Cambium) of osteoprogenitor cells: have the ability to divide and differentiate into osteoblasts (main components of bone growth and repair)
37
Q

What is the endosteum?

A
  • lines inner surface of cortical bone and individual spicules (trabeculae)
  • single, thin layer of CT with osteoprogenitor cells and osteoblasts
38
Q

What are the 2 types of gross bone structure?

A

compact (cortical bone) and cancellous (spongy or trabecular bone)

39
Q

What are the characteristics of Compact/cortical bone?

A

dense bone covered by both the periosteum and the endosteum

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the cancellous/spongy/trabecular bone?

A
  • more spongy looking, lots of interconnecting cavities, only covered by endostium
41
Q

What are the 2 types of microscopic bone structure?

A

primary (woven) and secondary (lamellar)

42
Q

What is primary/woven bone?

A

immature bone that is first to be laid down after an injury, has less mineral content and is random collagen deposition

43
Q

Should woven bone be present in adults?

A

no, this means there is pathology

44
Q

What is secondary/lamellar bone?

A

mature bone normally found in adults and is very organized into concentric lamellae surrounding small neuromuscular bundle with CT called an osteon

45
Q

What is an osteon/Haversian System?

A
  • long cylinder that runs parallel to the long end of the bone and is surround by concentric lamellae
  • each canal is lined by endosteum and has nuerovasculature and LCT
  • volkmann canals branch off the central canals and allowing the osteons to communicate with periosteum (outer layer), marrow and other canals
46
Q

What is the structure of flat bone and what is an example?

A
  • skull

- has two layers of cortical bone with spongy bone in the middle

47
Q

What is the structure of long bones?

A
  • Epiphyses with rounded ends, covered with articular cartilage and with subchondral bone in the middle
  • Metaphyses is the neck in between the epiphysis and diaphysis. is highly vascularized and includes the growth plate
  • Diaphysis is the long part of the bone and contains the medullary cavity
48
Q

What structure provides a large surface for rapid deposition and release of calcium in bone?

A

trabeculae

49
Q

How is post-natal bone strength determined?

A

Mechanical use! bone is like a mechostat that can sense the changes in the applied forces and appropriately either initiates or inhibits bone remodeling. Can result in changes in bone shape and then bone mineral density (BMD).

50
Q

What are the 2 different types of joints?

A
  1. synarthroses- very little to no movement

2. diarthroses- freely moveable joints

51
Q

What are the 4 different types of synarthroses joints?

A
  1. synostoses: bone-bone, no movement
  2. synchodroses: hyaline cartilage connects bone, limited movement
  3. syndesmoses: dense CT joins bones, inerosseous portion of distal tibiofibular joint
  4. sympheses: bone connected to fibrocartilage pad via articular cartilage, pubic ymphysis, sacrococcygeal symphysis
52
Q

What are the characteristics of a diarthrosis joint?

A

-joints are freely moveable and consist of a capsule of dense CT and ligaments that enclose a cavity.

53
Q

What are the components of a diarthroses joint?

A
  • articular capsule: continuous with periosteum
  • joint cavity: contains synovial fluid
  • articular cartilage
  • synovial membrane
54
Q

What are the characteristics of the synovial membrane?

A
  • specialized CT that lines articular capsule
  • vascularized with fenestrated capillaries
  • folds projected into the joint cavity
55
Q

What 2 types of cells exist in the synovial membrane?

A
  1. Macrophage-like synovial cells (A cells)

2. Fibroblastic synovial cells (B cells)

56
Q

What do macrophage-like synovial cells (A cells) do?

A

remove debris and regulate inflammation (dark stinging nuclei?)

57
Q

What do fibroblastic synovial cells do?

A

produce hyaluronan for joint lubrication (big vacuole)

58
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A

Reduction in bone mass and strength leading to increased susceptibility to fracture

59
Q

What are the main causes of osteoporosis?

A
  • accelerated bone loss (increased resorption)
  • inadequate formation response (remodeling)
  • genetics, nutrition, lifestyle
60
Q

What is primary and secondary osteoporosis?

A

primary- postmenopausal or senile

secondary- other diseases or medications like glucocorticoids

61
Q

What is the molecular reasoning for osteoporosis?

A
  • Macrophages activate lymphocytes to produce large amounts of RANKL that overwhelms OPG, thus we get too much bone resorption and remodeling can’t keep up.
  • the RANKL:OPG ratio increases
62
Q

What is osteoporosis?

A
  • aka Marble Bone Disease or Albers-Schonberg Disease

- genetic disorder caused by mutations in several genes that results in decreased bone resorption

63
Q

What causes osteopetrosis?

A
  • defect in carboanhydrase II (CAII) and it catalyzes the bicarbonate reaction allowing acidification in the resorption pit and breakdown of bone.
64
Q

What are the symptoms of osteopetrosis?

A
  • increased fractures
  • cranial nerve deficits
  • anemia
  • infections (have an inadequate bone marrow space thus inadequate lymphocyte production)
  • Ehrlenmeyer Flask Deformity
65
Q

How can you treat osteopetrosis?

A

bone marrow transplant

66
Q

What is the deficiency is rickets and osteomalacia?

A
  • Vit D deficiency or its signaling
  • acquired or genetic
  • defective matrix mineralization, decreased bone (Ca and PO4)
  • rickets in children, osteomalacia in adults
67
Q

What are the symptoms of rickets and osteomalacia?

A
  • increased fracture

- in children may have lumbar lordosis and leg bowing

68
Q

How do you treat Rickets and osteomalacia?

A

Vit D supplement! Sunlight!

69
Q

What is Achondroplasia?

A
  • defect where cartilage is replaced by bone due to mutation in FGF3 (fibroblast growth factor 3)
  • autosomal dominant, usually due to sporadic mutations though
70
Q

what is lordosis?

A

inward curvature of the lumbar spine

71
Q

What are the symptoms of achondroplasia?

A
  1. dwarfism- short limbs with normal sized trunk, enlarged head
  2. lordosis of the spine
72
Q

What is cleidocranial dystosis (CCD)?

A
  • disorder with clavicular aplasia (lack of a clavicle) and skull deformities
  • due to mutation in Cbfa/Runx-2
  • autosomal dominant
73
Q

What are the symptoms of cleidocranial dystosis?

A
  1. short stature
  2. scoliosis of spine
  3. teeth abnormalities
74
Q

What is Fibrodysplasia Ossificans Progressiva (FOP)?

A
  • aka Sone Man Syndrome
  • due to mutation in ACVRI gene which encodes BMP receptor and causes it to be activated all the time leading to transdifferentiation of endothelial cells into bone
  • autosomal dominant inheritance (but most are due to sporadic mutations)
75
Q

Symptoms of FOP?

A
  • progressive ossification in skeletal muscles, tendons, and ligaments
  • joint immobility

Bones (3 decks)

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