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BDS2 - oral biology > cartilage and bone > Flashcards

cartilage and bone Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 2 bone types (macroscopic)

A

> cortical compact bone

> cancellous spongy bone

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2
Q

what is cortical compact bone like

A

thick, hard looking
dense outer plate
80-85% of skeleton

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3
Q

what is cancellous spongy bone like

A

internal trabecular scaffolding
(to save weight)
15-20% of skeleton

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4
Q

what does cortical bone have

A

nutrient canals

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5
Q

what is found in the nutrient canals of cortical bone

A

blood vessels

they are vascularised

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6
Q

what is cortical bone lining tooth sockets penetrated by

A

bundles of collagen fibres of PDL (sharpeys fibres)

this bone is also called bundle bone

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7
Q

what does vital bone contain

A

blood vessels

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8
Q

what is the composition of bone by weight

A

> 60% inorganic
- hydroxyapatite

> 25% organic 
- collagen (90%)
- glycoproteins 
§ osteocalcin 
§ osteonectin
§ osteopontin 
§ sialoproteins
- proteoglycans (GAGs)
§ chondroitin SO4
§ heparan SO4

> 15% water

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9
Q

what are the different proteins in the composition of bone important in

A

bone regeneration due to periodontal disease or resorption of bone

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10
Q

what is in the extracellular matrix

A

> ground substance

> fibres (reinforce the extracellular ground substance)

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11
Q

what is found in the ground substance of extracellular matrix

A 
> semi fluid gel
> long polysaccharide molecules 
> GAGs = Glycos-amino-glycans
- hyaluronic acid
- proteoglycans 
§ chondroitin sulphate 
§ dermatan sulphate 
§ heparan sulphate
§ keratan sulphate
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12
Q

what fibres are found in the extracellular matrix

A

> collagen
elastin
other non-collagenous proteins

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13
Q

what are the types of bone (microscopic)

A

> woven bone

> lamellar bone

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14
Q

describe woven bone

A 
> rapidly laid down
> irregular deposition of collagen
> present in foetus (callus) 
> lots of woven bone in fractures
> Contains many osteocytes
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15
Q

describe lamellar bone

A 
> laid down more slowly
> collagen fibres laid down in parallel
> more organised bone
> normal form in adult
> contain fewer osteocytes
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16
Q

what is compact bone structure

A

> laid down in concentric lamellae (lamellar bone)
form longitudinal columns
organised in haversian systems around central (haversian) canal
lateral (volkman’s) canals
canals contain blood vessels
haversian system is also called an osteon
small dark lacunae (spaces) have radiating canaliculi = small canals (some linke adjacent to haversians systems = osteons)

lol this made no sense to me either sorry x

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17
Q

what are radiating canaliculi

A

interconnecting osteocyte processes

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18
Q

what is an important function of osteocytes

A

nutrition

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19
Q

what do osteocytes have

A

interconnecting projections

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20
Q

what is in cancellous bone

A 
> network of thin trabeculae
> trabeculae consist of lamellae
> osteocytes present
> no obvious haversian systems
> the bone is thin
> nutrients can diffuse in
> bone marrow present in the spaces between trabeculae
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21
Q

where do osteoblasts lie

A

on surface of bone

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22
Q

where are osteoblasts derived from

A

mesenchymal stem cells

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23
Q

what do osteoblasts do

A

synthesis and secrete collagen fibres forming a matrix

the matrix is mineralised by calcium salts

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24
Q

what are osteocytes

A

osteoblasts that become trapped in mineralised bone

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25
Q

where do osteocytes lie

A

within spaces - lacunae

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26
Q

how do osteocytes contact other osteocytes

A

via cytoplasmic processes that run in canaliculi

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27
Q

what side do canaliculi radiate

A

one side

the side with nutrient so towards the PDL

28
Q

what are osteoclasts

A

large, multinucleate cells

29
Q

where are osteoclasts derived from

A

haemopoietic stem cells

related to macrophages

30
Q

what do osteoclasts do

A

resorb bone (acid phosphates)

31
Q

where do osteoclasts lie

A

in concavities in bone

in howship’s lacunae

32
Q

what is bone remodelling

A

removal and replacement of bone tissue without change in overall shape (changes within, bone doesnt stay the exact same its whole life - constant turnover)
resorption balanced by deposition / apposition

33
Q

what is bone remodelling controlled by

A

osteoblasts

34
Q

what is bone remodelling regulated by

A

> hormones eg parathyroid hormone, calcitonin

> paracrine - various cytokines

35
Q

what are the advantages of bone turnover

A

calcium is kept in low concentration in cells and used in important processes

36
Q

where is the main storage of calcium

A

in bones

37
Q

how much calcium can an organism maintain

A

2-4mmol of calcium concentration

38
Q

explain bone turnover

A

> parathyroid hormone acts on cells to produce collagenase

> stimulates these cells to aggregate to form osteoclasts
- these then work to remove bone

> cells from osteoclasts destruction become active osteoblasts to lay down new bone

> osteoid (matrix) is formed under osteoblasts

39
Q

what are signalling molecules involved in bone turnover

A
  • various cytokines

- growth factors

40
Q

what is the reversal line?

A

a scalloped edge on histology pictures which shows where bone resorption changes to bone deposition

41
Q

what does tooth movement require

A

remodelling of adjacent soft and hard tissues

42
Q

when does tooth movements occur

A

> during eruption
post-eruptive eg mesial dirft
orthodontic forces

43
Q

explain orthodontic treatment briefly

A
  • resorption in one area
  • replacement in another
  • allows teeth to move
  • both resoprtion and depositon working at same time in different regions
  • force in certain direction
  • goal = remodelling
44
Q

what is cartilage

A

semi-rigid, unmineralised connective tissue

several different types

45
Q

what is the matrix of cartilage like

A

similar to bone

  • ground substance
  • fibres
  • dont have mineralised content
46
Q

what is hyaline cartilage

A

> wide spread
found in larynx, nasal septum, ends of ribs (costal cartilages) articular surfaces, embryonic skeleton (precursor to bone)
flexible

47
Q

what is fibrocartilage

A

> found in intervertebral discs, pubis symphysis
allows a certain level of flexibility
pubis can detach during labour and reattach

48
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

found in external ear, epiglottis and eustachian tube

49
Q

what are cartilage cells formed by

A

chondroblasts

50
Q

what happens to chondroblasts when they get trapped in matrix

A

become chondrocytes

51
Q

are cartilage cells vascular?

A

no
they are avascular
nutrients diffuse in
some channels are present in thick areas of cartilage

52
Q

what do chondrocytes contain

A

stores of lipid, glycogen

53
Q

what happens in endochondral ossification

A

happens in long bones
cartilage precursor
cartilage proliferation
cartilage replaced with bone

54
Q

what happens in intramembranous ossification

A

growth of bone onto membrane without cartilage
flat bones = skull bones
bone formed de novo in connective tissue
no cartilage precursor

55
Q

what areas dont have high amounts of calcium

A

hands
feet
joints
there is no calcification in these areas

56
Q

what do areas of no calcification allow during growth

A

elongation of bone

57
Q

where does cartilage proliferation and growth occur

A

at the epiphyses of bones

58
Q

how does elongation of bones occur

A

through endochondral ossification

59
Q

what is spheno-occipital synchondrosis

A

bone forms around cartilage

bone has endochondral and intramembranous

60
Q

what is achondroplasia

A

genetic defect of cartilage growth
endochondral bone growth is impaired
elongation of bones does not occur
= shorter arms and legs

intramembranous bone growth is not affected
skull proportionally looks normal but the face looks too small for the skull
base of skull reduced as it is both endochondral and intramembranous
affects arrangement of teeth = maxillary crowding

61
Q

through what method does the condylar cartilage develop in the TMJ development

A

endochondral ossification

condyle lies in eminence
changes shape as we grow and is rearranged as we grow our teeth

62
Q

what are the 3 most important areas for remodelling throughout lives

A

> angular process
alveolar process
coronoid process
(coronoid and angular proccesses associated with pterygoid muscles so need to grow as muscles do)

63
Q

where does the condyle lie

A

in the articular eminence

64
Q

what is the structure of the TMJ

A 
> articular disc
> articular zone
> proliferative zone
> fibrocartilaginous zone
> calcified cartilage
> subarticular bone
65
Q

what can happen the alveolar and angular processes after tooth loss

A

these can be resorbed
changes as it opens
reduction in these areas

66
Q

how is a denture kept in place manually

A

through suction
needs sealed surfaces to minimise lateral forces near that
sealing achieved by making it tight against the mucosa

67
Q

what is resorbed after tooth loss

A

alveolar bone

BDS2 - oral biology (5 decks)

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