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HISTO LAB > Cartilage and Bone > Flashcards

Cartilage and Bone Flashcards

Specialized connective tissue

1
Q

Cartilage and bone are special types of ___

A

dense regular connective tissue

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2
Q

Cartilage and bone are considered as ___

A

organs

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3
Q

Cells inside cavities are called ___

A

lacunae

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4
Q

What are the cells inside the cavities

A

chondrocytes and osteocytes

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5
Q

The intercellular substance (matrix) is firmer in ___

A

cartilage

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6
Q

The intercellular substance (matrix) is harder in ___

A

bone

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7
Q

Makes up the bulk of fetal skeleton

A

cartilage

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8
Q

Eventually replaced by bone

A

cartilage

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9
Q

Limited in adults

A

cartilage

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10
Q

Cartilage does not contain…

A

blood vessels, lymph vessels, or nerves

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11
Q

Dense regular connective tissue that envelops most cartilage

A

perichondrium

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12
Q

Perichondrium has ___

A

chondrogenic potency

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13
Q

Layers of Perichondrium

A

a. fibrous layer (outer)
b. chondrogenic layer (inner, more cellular)

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14
Q

Cells in cartilage

A
  1. chondrocyte
  2. osteoprogenitor cells
  3. chondroblasts
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15
Q

Cell in cartilage that vary in size, has cytoplasmic processes, resides in the lacunae, and young cells are capable of mitosis

A

chondrocyte

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16
Q

Stem cells are found in the chondrogenic layer

A

osteoprogenitor cells

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17
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells can transform into either…

A

chondroblasts or osteoblasts

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18
Q

Synthesize precursors of fibers and organic constituents of cartilage matrix

A

chondroblasts

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19
Q

Can transform into chondrocytes

A

chondroblasts

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20
Q

Cartilage matrix is composed of…

A
  1. ground substance
  2. extracelluar fibers
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21
Q

Composition of ground substance

A
  • 70-80% water and proteoglycans
  • chondronectin
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22
Q

A fibronectin-like substance, adherence of collagen of the surface of chondrocyte

A

chondronectin

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23
Q

Composition of extracellular fibers

A

a. collagen
b. elastic

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24
Q

Chondrogensis order:

A

mesenchymal cells > osteoprogenitor cells > chondroblasts > chondrocytes

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25
Q

Secrete the precursors of extracellular fibers (and other org constit.) in CM into intracellular area

A

chondroblasts

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26
Q

Young ___ possess mitotic and secretory capabilities, while mature ones are incapable of mitosis

A

chondrocytes

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27
Q

Growth of Cartilage

A
  • interstitial (endogenous) growth
  • appositional (exogenous) growth
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28
Q

Differentiate interstitial to appositional

A

interstitial
- expands the cartilage from within
- mitosis and secretions of young chondrocytes
- length and long bones

appositional
- function of perichondrium

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29
Q

Degeneration and regeneration of cartilage

A
  • calcification of the matrix
  • age
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30
Q

With age, the cartilage…

A

loses translucency and becomes opaque

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31
Q

Calcification of matrix…

A
  • nutrition of cartilage is compromised
  • one of the initial events in formation of some bones
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32
Q

Types of Cartilage

A
  1. hyaline
  2. elastic
  3. fibrous
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33
Q

Glistening, smooth, pearly white in fresh specimen

A

hyaline cartilage

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34
Q

What type of collagen does hyaline have?

A

type II collagen fibers

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35
Q

Most abundant cartilage type

A

hyaline cartilage

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36
Q

Hyaline is in which skeleton?

A

fetal skeleton

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37
Q

Hyaline is found in:

A
  1. epiphysial plate
  2. articular cartilage
  3. ears
  4. sternal end of the ribs
  5. trachea, bronchi, larynx, and nose
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38
Q

Yellowish and more flexible than hyaline

A

elastic cartilage

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39
Q

What type of collagen and fibers does elastic have?

A

type II collagen and elastic fibers

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40
Q

Less abundant matrix

A

elastic cartilage

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41
Q

Elastic cartilage is found in:

A
  1. auricle, external acoustic meatus, and auditory tube of ears
  2. epiglottis
  3. larynx
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42
Q

Withstand greater stress

A

fibrous cartilage

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43
Q

What are fibrous cartilage fibers made up of?

A

thicker type I collagen

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44
Q

Fibrous cartilage is transitional between…

A

cartilage to dense regular connective tissue

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45
Q

Fibrous cartilage is found in:

A
  1. intervertebral discs
  2. pubic symphysis
  3. articular discs and menisci of joints
  4. surface of tendons and ligaments
46
Q

Bulk of the skeleton

A

bone

47
Q

Protect vital organs

A

bone

48
Q

Levers of muscle

A

bone

49
Q

Bone is a storage for ___ and ___

A

calcium and phosphorus

50
Q

Bone contains ___ for hematopoiesis

A

bone marrow

51
Q

Types of Bones according to shape

A
  1. long
  2. short
  3. flat
  4. irregular
  5. sesamoid
52
Q

Forms of bone tissue

A

a. spongy bone (cancellous)
b. compact bone (cortical/dense)

53
Q

Has numerous spaces visible to the naked eye

A

spongy bone

54
Q

Appear as solid mass

A

compact bone

55
Q

Coverings of Bone

A

a. periosteum
b. endosteum

56
Q

Lines the outer surface of the bone

A

periosteum

57
Q

Periosteum and Endosteum has ___

A

osteogenic potency

58
Q

Two layers of Periosteum

A
  1. outer fibrous layer
  2. inner osteogenic layer
59
Q

Lines the internal surfaces and cavities of the bone

A

endosteum

60
Q

Cells of the Bone

A
  1. osteoprogenitor cells
  2. osteoblast
  3. osteocyte
  4. osteoclast
61
Q

Stem cells that produce osteoblasts

A

osteoprogenitor cells

62
Q

Osteoprogenitor cells are differentiated from ___ and ____

A

chondroblast and osteoblast

63
Q

Produces bone matrix and bone growth factors

A

osteoblast

64
Q

Osteoblasts become ___ when bound inside ___

A

osteocytes, lacuna

65
Q

Osteoblasts secretes enzyme to remove ___

A

uncalcified bone tissue

66
Q

Secretes osteoclast stimulating factor

A

osteoblast

67
Q

Found in the lacuna and unable to divide

A

osteocytes

68
Q

The osteocytes numerous cytoplasmuc processes that occupy the ___

A

canaliculi of the lacunae

69
Q

Found in the bone surface and responsible for the resorption of bone

A

osteoclast

70
Q

Where is the osteoclast found?

A

Howship’s lacunae, areas of resorbed bone

71
Q

Ground substance in Bone Tissue composition

A

water + inorganic minerals + organic substances

72
Q

Inorganic substances in GSBT:

A

main - calcium and phosphorus (calcium hydroxide)

others - bicarbonate, citrate, magnesium, potassium, sodium

73
Q

Organic substances in GSBT:

A
  • proteoglycans
  • GAGs
  • non-collagenic proteins
  • glycoproteins
  • type I collagen fibers
74
Q

Organization of Bone Tissue

A

architecture of bone tissue: spongy and compact

75
Q

Spongy and Compact architecture

A

both bone matrix have lamellae (arrangement of thin layers)

76
Q

Architecture of Spongy Bone

A
  • spicules or trabeculae (interconnecting bone fragments)
  • bone marrow cavities
  • each spicule is several parallel bone lamellae
77
Q

Architecture of Compact Bone

A
  • arrangement of three: Haversian systems, Insterstitial lamellae, or Circumferential lamellae
78
Q

Bulk of compact bones

A

Haversian system or osteon

79
Q

Bone lamellae in Haversian is arranged ___

A

concentrically around the Haversian canal

80
Q

Types of Haversian system

A
  1. Haversian canals
  2. Volkmann’s canals
81
Q

Lined by endosteum and contains blood vessels and nerves

A

Haversian canals

82
Q

Lined by the endosteum and connect Haversian canals

A

Volkmann’s canals

83
Q

Lamellae that are not arranged around the Haversian canal

A

Interstitial lamellae

84
Q

Circumferential lamellae parts

A
  • outer (encircle whole bone)
  • inner (encircle medullary cavity)
85
Q

Uncalcified bone matrix

A

osteoid

86
Q

In ___, bone is produced to replace ____ or ____

A

Osteogenesis, mesenchyme or hyaline cartilage

87
Q

Osteogenesis involves the two ossifications

A
  1. intramembranous ossifications
  2. endochrondal (intracartilaginous) ossifications
88
Q

Intramembranous ossifications is ___

A
  • bone formation in mesenchyme
  • produces most flat bones in skull
89
Q

Endochrondal (intracartilaginous) ossifications is ___

A
  • bone formation in hyaline cartilage
  • forms limbs, pelvis, and vertebral column
90
Q

Bone can grown only by ___

A

appositional method

91
Q

Bone can grow in length because of ___

A

epiphyseal plate

92
Q

Thin, transverse discs of hyaline cartilage

A

epiphyseal plate

93
Q

Zones of the epiphyseal plate:

A
  • zone of resting cartilage
  • zone of proliferation
  • zone of maturation
  • zone of calcification
  • zone of ossification
94
Q

Function of periosteum, proportional to length growth

A

growth in width

95
Q

Thickness of bone does not increase because of ___

A

continuous enlargement of medullary cavity

96
Q

Conversion: Spongy to Compact

A
  • lamellar bone is laid in form of spongy bone
  • bone matrix are deposited on the inner surface of tunnels by osteoblasts in the endosteum
  • only a small canal occupied by blood vessels remain
97
Q

Bone remodelling

A
  • external remodelling
  • internal remodelling
98
Q

External bone remodelling

A
  • external factors
  • bone resorption in some areas, bone deposition in another
99
Q

Internal bone remodelling

A
  • never ending cycle of resorption
  • formation of Haversian systems
  • resorb dead osteocytes and its surrounding matrix
  • Haversian systems remodelled
  • responds to blood calcium level
100
Q

Nutritional effects on bone

A
  1. calcium and phosphorus
  2. vit D
  3. vit C
  4. vit A
101
Q

Calcium and phosphorus

A

calcify bones

102
Q

Vitamin D

A
  • intestinal absorption of calcium
  • rickets and osteomalacia (vit D deficiency)
103
Q

Vitamin C

A

enhance bone absorption and role in collagen formation

104
Q

Vitamin A

A

stimulate osteoclasts and suppresses osteoblasts

105
Q

Endocrine effects on bone

A
  1. parathyroid hormone
  2. calcitonin
  3. estrogen
  4. androgens
  5. human GH
106
Q

Parathyroid hormone

A
  • stimulated by low blood calcium
  • inhibits bone forming activity
  • induces secretion of osteoclast-stimulation by osteoblast
107
Q

Calcitonin

A

inhibits bone resorption by suppressing osteoclasts

108
Q

Estrogen

A

increases number of osteoblasts

109
Q

Androgen

A

delays closure of the epiphyseal plates

110
Q

Human Growth Hormone

A
  • stimulate osteoblast proliferation and activity
  • stimulate osteoclast differentiation and activity
111
Q

Cartilage is composed of ___

A
  1. cells (chondrocytes)
  2. intercellular substance (cartilage matrix)

HISTO LAB (4 decks)

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