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limbs > cartilage and bone > Flashcards

cartilage and bone Flashcards

1
Q

characteristics of connective tissue

A

large amounts of ECM
cells are not attached to each other

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2
Q

what is ECM made of

A

fibrous proteins and ground substance (composed of proteoglycans and multiadhesive glycoproteins)

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3
Q

characteristics of cartilage

A

solid, firm, pliable
lots of ECM
no blood vessels or nerves
rapid growth

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4
Q

types of cartilage cells

A

chondrocytes, chondroblasts

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5
Q

where are chondrocytes found

A

lacunae

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6
Q

where are chondroblasts found

A

in perichondrium

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7
Q

what is the function of chondrocytes

A

maintain and produce ECM

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8
Q

chondrocyte appearance

A

lots of rough ER
large golgi
multiple mitochondria

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9
Q

what is in the cartilage ECM

A

cartilage specific type 2 collagens
proteoglycan aggregates
water

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10
Q

what are the 3 types of cartilage

A

hyaline
elastic
fibrocartilage

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11
Q

what fiber does hyaline cartilage have

A

type 2 collagen

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12
Q

what fiber does elastic cartilage have

A

elastic fiber

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13
Q

what type of fiber does fibrocartilage have

A

both type 1 and type 2 collagen

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14
Q

what are some characteristics of hyaline cartilage

A

-on articular surfaces of bone (help with cushioning)
-found in resp such as larynx trachea bronchi for structural support
-found in fetal skeletal tissue to help in development
-found in epiphyseal plates for bone growth

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15
Q

what are characteristics of elastic cartilage

A

-dense network of branching and anastomosing fibers

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16
Q

what are some characteristics of fibrocartilage

A

made up of chondrocytes and matrix and dense connective tissue
collagen 1 and 2

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17
Q

where is fibrocartilage located

A

intervertebral discs, menisci of stifle, symphysis pubis

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18
Q

where is elastic cartilage found

A

-found in pinna of ear, epiglottis, external acoustic meatus

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19
Q

types of cartilage growth

A

appositional and interstitial

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20
Q

what is appositional growth

A

new cartilage is formed at the surface of an existing cartilage

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21
Q

what is interstitial growth

A

the chondrocytes divide within the lacunae and the newly divided chondrocytes are in isogenous groups

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22
Q

what is appositional growth

A

chondroblasts in the inner layer of the perichondrium deposit new cartilage

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23
Q

outer surface of bone is covered with….

A

periosteum

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24
Q

inner surfaces of bone is covered with—

A

endosteum

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25
Q

what is the internal bone structure?

A

cortex= compact/dense bone
spongy bone- sponge like network called trabeculae

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26
Q

bone tissue contains a _______ matrix

A

mineralized

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27
Q

bone matrix consists of ____-

A

collagen type 1 fibrils

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28
Q

osteoblast function

A

secrete bone matrix and initiate mineralization

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29
Q

osteocytes are _____

A

mature bone cells encased in the bone matrix

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30
Q

osteocyte lacunae is within a network of______

A

canaliculi

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31
Q

what are functions of osteocytes

A

regulate movement of ca and P in and out of bone

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32
Q

what are bone lining cells derived from

A

osteoblasts

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33
Q

what do bone lining cells/inactive osteoblasts do?

A

cover bone that is not remodeling

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34
Q

what are osteoclasts do?

A

bone resorption

35
Q

major classes of molecules in hyaline cartilage

A

collagen fibers, proteoglycans, and multiadhesive glycoproteins

36
Q

hyaline cartilage is surrounded by _____ which is what type of connective tissue

A

perichondrium which is dense irregular

37
Q

perichondrium serves as a source of _______

A

new cartilage cells

38
Q

what is the process of cartilage development called

A

chondrogenesis

39
Q

chondrogenesis process

A
  1. aggregation of chondroprogenitor mesenchymal cells form chondrogenic nodule
  2. mesenchymal tissue surrounding nodule gives rise to perichondrium
  3. chondroprogenitor cells differentiate to chondroblasts
  4. chondroblasts secrete matrix
  5. once matrix completely surrounds chondroblasts, it becomes chondrocyte
40
Q

which bone cell is not of mesenchymal origin

A

osteoclasts

41
Q

development stages to osteocytes

A

mesenchymal stem cells –> osteoprogenitor cells –> osteoblasts –> osteocytes/bone lining cells

42
Q

osteoclasts are derived from

A

hemopoietic progenitor cells

43
Q

function of osteoclast

A

resorb bone

44
Q

osteoblast function

A

secrete bone matrix or osteoid
also responsible for calcification of bone matrix

45
Q

histologically, newly deposited matrix is not immediate calcified so it stains

A

lightly

46
Q

histologically, actively secreting osteoblasts are:

A

basophilic cytoplasm with a clear golgi apparatus

47
Q

osteocytes have long cytoplasmic processes that are enclosed by_____

A

canaliculi

48
Q

osteocytes communicate with each other and _____ via ________

A

osteoblasts
cytoplasmic process gap junctions

49
Q

bone lining cells are derived from

A

osteoblasts

50
Q

external surface bone lining cells

A

periosteal cells

51
Q

internal surface bone lining cells

A

endosteal cells

52
Q

bone lining cell function

A

maintenance and nutrional support of osteocytes and regulate Ca dn P movement

53
Q

what is the shallow depression formed by osteoclasts as it degrades the bone matrix called?

A

resorption bay

54
Q

inside of bone contains sponge like mesh of anastomosing spicules of bone called

A

trabeculae

55
Q

types of bones

A

long, short, flat, irregular

56
Q

shaft of long bones

A

diaphysis

57
Q

expanded ends of long bones

A

epiphysis

58
Q

flared portion between diaphysis and epiphysis

A

metaphysis

59
Q

what is the large medullary cavity filled with

A

marrow

60
Q

outer surface of bone is covered by _____ which is what type of tissue

A

periosteum
dense fibrous CT containing osteoprogenitor cells

61
Q

red bone marrow consists of

A

blood cells in diff stages of development

62
Q

yellow marrow consists of ____ and found mainly in_____

A

fat
adults

63
Q

mature bone is composed of

A

osteons

64
Q

osteons consist of ____ which surrounds ______

A

concentric lamellae surrounding osteonal (haversian) canal

65
Q

how is blood supplied to the bone

A

nutrient arteries pass through compact bone via nutrient foramina

66
Q

most of the compact bone receives blood supply

A

from small branches of periosteal arteries that penetrate via perforating canals which also have veins and nerves

67
Q

types of joints

A

synovial
fibrous
cartilaginous

68
Q

synovial joints allow what movement

A

excessive

69
Q

how are articulating bones of synovial joints united

A

by a joint capsule that encloses a joint cavity

70
Q

what is the joint capsule composed of

A

outer fibrous layer which is lined by synovial membrane (synovium)

71
Q

what is in the joint cavity

A

synovial fluid secreted by synovial membrane

72
Q

articulating surfaces of bone is covered by

A

hyaline cartilage

73
Q

is articular cartilage covered by perichondrium

A

no

74
Q

articular cartilage has how many zones and what are they

A

4 zones
superficial zone
intermediate zone
deep zone
calcified zone

75
Q

superficial zone has

A

chondrocytes surrounded by type 2 collagen fibrils

76
Q

intermediate zone has

A

chondrocytes randomly distributed in matrix
collagen fibrils are less organized

77
Q

deep zone has

A

chondrocytes in short columns perpendicular to the surface of cartilage

78
Q

calcified zone

A

calcified with small round chondrocytes

79
Q

tidemark

A

line of separation between calcified zone and deep zone

80
Q

what happens above the tidemark

A

proliferation of chondrocytes within lacunae to make new cells for interstitial growth

81
Q

articular cartilage receives nourishment from

A

synovial fluid and underlying bone

82
Q

how are articulating bones held together in fibrous joints

A

fibrous tissue

83
Q

example of fibrous joint

A

sutures of cranium

84
Q

what are the articulating structures of primary cartilaginous joints held by

A

hyaline cartilage

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