Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Vertebral Column > Cartilage > Flashcards

Cartilage Flashcards

1
Q

What cells are present in the cartilage connective tissues?

A

Fibroblasts
Adipose cells
Osteocytes
Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is present in the ECM of cartilage?

A

Fibres (collagen, reticular or elastic)
Ground substance (GAGs and glycoproteins)
Tissue fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the reference for the general constituents of cartilage?

A

Kerr, 2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is cartilage surrounded by? What is its structure?

A

Perichondrium:

  • Dense, irregular connective tissue
  • Composed largely of collagen
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are the general functions of cartilage?

A

Supportive framework of organs
Articulate surfaces
Forms most of foetal skeleton (largely replaced by bone)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What cells form cartilage and what is it surrounded by?

A

Chondrocytes surrounded by specialised ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the outer layer of perichondrium and what is it composed of?

A

Fibrous outer layer composed of:

  • Fibroblasts
  • Collagen fibres
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is the inner layer of perichondrium and what is it composed of?

A

Chondrogenic inner layer:

  • Chondroblasts
  • Chondrogenic cells (produce new chondroblasts)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is the reference for general cartilage structure, perichondrium and chondrocytes?

A

Gartner and Hiatt, 2014

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the space that individual chondrocytes are found within?

A

A lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is an isogenous group?

A

When a chondrocytes divides there may be more than one chondrocytes within the lacuna

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the typical shape of a chondrocyte?

A

Egg-shaped

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is the function of chondrocytes?

A

Produce and maintain ECM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How much of cartilage is made up of ECM?

A

> 95%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What are the predominant components of the cartilage ECM?

A

Type II collagen

Proteoglycan aggregates

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How does the high degree of hydration of the cartilage ECM affect its function?

A

It means cartilage can respond to varying loads

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

How is nutrition supplied to the ECM?

A

Diffusion between blood vessels in:

  • Perichondrium
  • Chondrocytes
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is the matrix immediately surrounding a chondrocyte?

A

Capsular matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is the territorial matrix?

A

Darker matrix immediately around lacunae of isogenous groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What is the lighter ECM that composes the rest of the ECM?

A

Interterritorial matrix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are the references for the ECM?

A

Ross and Pawlina, 2006

Kerr, 2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

How do chondrocytes develop?

A

Mesenchymal embryonic cells differentiate into chondroblasts
Chondroblasts secrete cartilage matrix
Matrix surrounds Chondroblasts = Chondrocytes in lacunae

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Describe interstitial cartilage growth?

A

Growth from a number of centres
Chondroblasts multiply and divide into clusters of cells = Isogenous groups
Groups produce ECM which separates Chondroblasts = Chondrocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

In what type of cartilage does interstitial growth occur?

A

Immature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What is appositional cartilage growth?

A

Growth through addition of new layers to existing ones

Occurs in chondrogenic layer of perichondrium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

In what type of cartilage does appositional growth occur?

A

Mature cartilage

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What is the reference for cartilage growth?

A

Gartner and Hiatt, 2014

28
Q

What are the components of hyaline cartilage?

A

Chondrocytes
ECM:
- Predominantly Type II collagen
- Chondroitin sulfate

29
Q

What are the functions of hyaline cartilage?

A

Low friction surface via lubrication of synovial joints

Distributes forces to underlying bone

30
Q

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

A

Articulate surfaces of synovial joints
Foetal skeleton - Provides model for its development
Costal cartilage - Some passive movement

31
Q

What are the components of fibrocartilage?

A 
Chondrocytes
ECM:
- Type I collagen fibrils (connective tissue matrix)
- Type II collagen fibrils (hyaline)
Dense regular connective tissue
32
Q

Why is there less matrix associated with chondrocytes in fibrocartilage?

A

Chondrocytes are dispersed amongst collagen fibres

33
Q

Does fibrocartilage have a perichondrium?

A

No

34
Q

What shape is the nucleus of chondrocytes in fibrocartilage?

A

Rounded

35
Q

What is the shape of the nucleus of fibroblasts in fibrocartilage?

A

Flattened and elongated

36
Q

What are the functions of fibrocartilage?

A

Shock-absorption
Flexibility
Deformation resistance

37
Q

Where is fibrocartilage found?

A

Secondary cartilaginous joints (symphyses):

  • IV discs
  • Pubic symphysis
38
Q

What is a useful reference for both hyaline cartilage and fibrocartilage?

A

Ross and Pawlina, 2006

39
Q

What are the components of elastic cartilage?

A 
Chondrocytes
ECM:
- Type II collagen
- Proteoglycans
- Elastin (elastic fibres and interconnecting elastic sheets)
40
Q

Which types of cartilage calcify with age?

A

Hyaline

41
Q

Where is elastic cartilage found?

A

Pinna

Pharyngotympanic (eustachian) tube

42
Q

What cartilages are present in the vertebral column?

A 
Hyaline:
- Zygapophyseal joints
- Cartilagenous end plates
Fibrocartilage:
- IV discs
43
Q

What directions do the facet joints in the cervical, thoracic and lumbar regions allow movement in?

A 
Cervical:
 - All directions
Thoracic:
- Lateral Flexion
- Rotation
Lumbar:
- Flexion
- Extension
- Lateral flexion
44
Q

What is the role of hyaline cartilage on the facet joints?

A

Reduces friction

45
Q

In what direction does the thickness of the IV discs increase?

A

Craniocaudally

46
Q

What is the composition of the IV discs?

A

Mostly ECM

Only ~1% volume chondrocytes

47
Q

IV discs are the largest non-vascular structures in the body. How much distance is there between some lumbar discs and direct blood supply?

A

20mm

48
Q

What types of collagen does the nucleus pulposus produce?

A

Type II

49
Q

What types of collagen does the annulus fibrosus produce?

A

Type I

Type II

50
Q

What are the functions of the IV discs?

A

Shock absorption
Flexibility
Transmission of load

51
Q

From what do the cartilaginous endplates develop from?

A

Mesoderm

52
Q

How much of the IV space do the cartilaginous end plates make up?

A

~5% of adult IV space

~50% at birth

53
Q

At birth there are vascular channels running through end plates, how do these change throughout life and how does this affect function?

A

Fill with ECM by end of first decade of life

Provide nutrition to IV disc

54
Q

What are the functions of the cartilaginous end plates?

A

Growth plate for vertebrae in early life
Nutrient transport to IV disc
Barrier between VB and nucleus pulposus preventing Schmorl’s nodes

55
Q

What can arise if the IV discs degenerate?

A

Intervertebral osteochondrosis

56
Q

How does intervertebral osteochondrosis initially begin?

A

As a Schmorl’s node:

- Herniation of nucleus pulposus through cartilaginous and bony endplates into adjacent vertebral body

57
Q

Where is intervertebral osteochondrosis most common?

A

Cervical region

Lower lumbar region

58
Q

How does intervertebral osteochondrosis appear radiographically?

A

Loss of disc space

Bony sclerosis of vertebral bodies

59
Q

If intervertebral osteochondrosis progresses, what can it result in?

A

Destruction of cartilaginous endplate

Bulging of outer fibres of annulus fibrosus

60
Q

What is osteoarthritis?

A

A non-infective arthritis affecting synovial joints

Degeneration of articulate cartilage through reduced proteoglycan content in ECM

61
Q

What are the pathological features of osteoarthritis?

A

Loss of joint space
Osteophyte growth at joint margins
Subchondral sclerosis
(Subchondral cysts)

62
Q

What is the only synovial joint in the spine affected by osteoarthritis?

A

Zygapophyseal joints

63
Q

What is the sequelae of uncovertebral joint degeneration in the cervical spine?

A

Osteophyte formation
Stenosis of IV foramina
Vertebral artery compression

64
Q

What are the costal articulations with the spine?

A

Costovertebral

Costotransverse

65
Q

Where is degeneration in the thoracic spine common?

A

Between T11 and T12 with ribs 11 and 12 respectively

66
Q

What happens in SIJ degeneration?

A

Complete or partial joint ankylosis:
- Stiffening and hardening of joint
- Stiffness and reduced range of movement of joint
Osteophytes on anterior articular surface
Bony sclerosis on anterior articular surface

Vertebral Column (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions