Carpentry and Building Flashcards
The tool that architects use when making scale drawings is called
architect’s scale
What scale is most often used for drawing houses?
A scale of 1/4” = 1’0”
What does a scale of 1/4” = 1’0” represent?
a distance of 1/4” on the drawing represents a distance of 1’0” on the actual house. Example: a tape measure shows a height of 4’ high and 3’ wide. If you drew that window to a scale of 1/4” = 1’0”, its size on the paper would be 1” high and 3/4” wide.
Scale of drawing for 1/4” = 1’
One-forty-eighth size or as a ratio 1:48
show the shape of an object and are used for many other purposes as well.
Lines
are used to indicate the center of an object. They are composed of long and short dashes, alternately and evenly spaced.
Centerlines
Indicate the start and end points of a particular dimension. They have arrowheads at each end. The dimension is written as a break in the middle of the line.
Dimension lines
Connect a note or a reference to part of the drawing. They usually end in an arrowhead or a large, circular dot. Arrowheads should always end at a line. Dots should be within the outline of an object.
Leader Lines
What are the dimensions of 12” x 2” x 1” plank in mm? Hint: One inch = 25.4 mm
- Find out how to calculate
may be solid, freehand lines that indicate short breaks. Full, ruled lines with freehand zigzags are used for long breaks
break lines
Indicate the exposed surface of an object in a sectional view. They are generally full, thin lines, but they may vary with the kind of material shown.
Sectioning Lines
mark the end points of a dimension and should not touch the outline of the object.
Extension Lines
short, evenly spaced dashes that show the hidden features of a part of the drawing. They always begin with a dash in contact with the line from which they start
Hidden Lines
Represent those edges of the object that can be seen
Outlines or Visible Lines
Show sections that would otherwise be hidden. A section is a view that shows an object as if part of it were cut away to expose the inside.
Cutting plane lines or viewing plane lines
Numbers that tell something. Can be determined by using the architect’s scale.
Dimensions
Used to represent things that would be impractical to show in some types of drawings. For example: they are often used to represent doors. windows, electrical receptacles, plumbing fixtures, and heating equipment.
Symbols
A top view. It is also known as a bird’s-eye view. It allows you to see the width, length, and location of objects as if you were standing on a platform high above them and looking down. It is not possible to see the height of an object in this view. There are several types.
Plan View (types included are sit plan, foundation plan, floor plans etc.)
Shows the building lot with boundaries. contours, existing roads, utilities. and other details such as existing trees and nearby buildings. Shows where the driveway will be located, as well as the outline of teh building.
Site plan or plot plan
a top view of the footings and foundation walls. It also shows the location of posts and other elements such as pads needed to support an exterior deck
Foundation Plan
included for each level of the building. They are drawn as if the house were sliced horizontally at a level that would include all doors and window openings. This imaginary slicing is referred to as a cutting plane.
Floor Plans
Drawn as the ceiling would appear in a mirror placed on the floor below it. Show location of lighting fixtures.
Reflected ceiling plans
Show the size, number and spacing of structural elements. Must always specify the sizes and spacing of joists, girders, and columns used to support the floor. Doubled framing around openings and beneath bathroom fixtures is also shown. Detail drawings are added, if necessary, to show the methods of anchoring joists and girders to the foundation walls.
Framing Plans
Drawn like a simplified floor plan, shows the location and type of every electrical feature of the building. These features include switches, ceiling lights, receptacles, and the service panel.
Electrical Plan
Shows the arrangement and location of plumbing and heating features.
Mechanical Plan
Shows the location of existing features such as trees and streams and provides information about new landscaping features that will be added later. Decks are also included in this type of plan.
Landscaping plan
a side view that allows you to see the height and width of objects.
Elevation
Shows one side of the building’s exterior.
An exterior elevation
Provide important information about materials, fastening and support systems, and concealed features. They show how an object looks when “cut” vertically by an imaginary cutting plane. They allow you to see the actual shape of objects as shown from one side.
Section Views
Used when a precise information is needed about a small or complex portion of the building. Such drawings are used whenever the information given in elevations, plans, and sections is not clear enough.
detail drawings
Gives the detail a three-dimensional look
The isometric technique
Many parts of a house are built using components that are manufactured elsewhere and then delivered to the job site. When these components are part of the house structure, this type of drawing may be required.
Engineering Drawings
A list or a chart. A window and door _____ lists all the windows that will be used in the building. It contains information about the sizes of rough openings. glazing, finish, trim, manufacturer’s name, window type and size etc.
Schedule
Written notes that may be arranged in list form.
Specifications
a unit of measure that represents a piece of lumber having a flat surface area of 1 sq. ft. and a thickness of 1” nominal size.
A board foot
How would you calculate finding the number of board feet in 10 pieces of lumber 2” thick, 10” wide, and 6’ long?
(10 x 2 x 10 x 6)/12 = 100 bd. ft
* equation is number of pieces x thickness (in) x width (in) x Length (ft) all divided by 12
An organization that issues standards and rules for safe and healthful working conditions, tools, equipment. facilities, and processes.
Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Color Safety Codes, used on signs, tags, and barricades that have specific meaning. Red, Orange, yellow, white, green, blue
red =danger or emergency
Orange = Be on guard
Yellow = Caution
White = Storage or boundaries
Green = first aid
Blue = information
a cut, cavity, trench, or depression made by removing earth. Dug to prepare the site for footings and foundations. They are also required when installing pipes for site drainage.
An excavation
What are the two basic ways to shape an excavation?
Simple slope and benched slope
The soil is excavated to form one or more horizontal levels or steps. The surfaces between levels are vertical or nearly vertical.
Benched Slope
The soil removed during excavation must be puled at least __ ft. away from the edge of the excavation.
2 feet
There must be a means for workers to get out of the excavation, such as a ladder or a ramp. The ladder or ramp should be no more than __ away from any worker.
25 ft.
Whenever construction debris must be dropped from a height of __’ or more to any point outside the building, an enclosed chute must be used.
20
A material that electricity readily flows through. Metals are examples of this.
Conductor
When electricity flows from a point of origin and returns to that point of origin it makes an ___ ____
electrical circuit
Provides a path for the electricity to flow safely from tool to the earth.
Grounding
Employers are required to provide Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter (GFCIs) for all temporary 120-volt, 15- and 20-ampere receptacle outlets on a construction site. What is a GFCI?
a fast acting circuit breaker that can protect people from electrical shock.
a disorder of the muscles, tendons, ligaments, joints, cartilage, or spinal discs - caused from lifting and other tasks
Musculoskeletal disorder
The science of designing and arranging things to suit the needs of the human body.
Ergonomics
When a task done over and over causes minor irritation to the nerves and tissues, the damage is called a
Repetitive stress injury (RSI)
___ are the vertical supports to which the horizontal rungs or steps of a ladder are attached.
Rails
Extension ladder setup: for safety, the pitch, or angle, should be approximately ___ degrees. The horizontal distance from the foot of the ladder to the support structure should be ____ of the ladder’s working length.
75 degrees and one-fourth
Holds the ladder open and prevents it from closing accidentally. Before using a stepladder, always be certain that this is locked into position.
The spreader
Roof Safety: The top of the ladder should extend above the edge of the roof at least ____’. If the ladder is used when conditions are slippery, it must be tied off to the building.
3 feet
a raised platform used for working at a height.
scaffold
The horizontal parts of a scaffold on which a worker stands are called
scaffold planks
Commercial metal scaffolding, is sometimes called ____. It has many advantages over scaffolding made from wood.
Pipe scaffolding
____ is a hard, strong building material that is made by mixing cement, coarse aggregate (usually gravel or crushed stone), fine aggregate (ex. sand), and water in the proper proportions.
Concrete
_____ is a chemical reaction that occurs when water combines with cement. This chemical reaction generates heat as the concrete cures (hardens).
Hydration
Advantages of concrete:
- tremendous compressive strength, can withstand pushing forces
- resistant to chemicals
_ will not rot or be damaged by insects
it hardens even under water - can withstand extreme heat and cold when properly cured
- fairly inexpensive
- can be formed into almost any shape
The cement used in modern concrete is called _____ cement. It is a manufactured substance that is created using heat.
Portland
A large percentage of finished concrete consists of _____. For this reason, _____ quality can have a significant impact on the strength of concrete, Contaminants, such as dirt and organic material, can generally be removed by washing the aggregate with clean water before it is mixed with other materials.
Aggregate
_____ improves the strength of concrete. The surface is kept moist for at least several days after placement, if possible. This can be done by delaying the removal of formwork. It can also be done by covering the concrete with a material that retains moisture.
Moist-Curing
Concrete gains most of its strength in the __ day period after it has been placed.
28 day
an ingredient other than cement, aggregate, or water that is added to a concrete mix to change its physical or chemical characteristics.
An admixture
These introduce tiny bubbles into the concrete. The bubbles increase the concrete’s durability when it is exposed to moisture and frequent freeze/thaw cycles. ______ ______ _______ are commonly added to concrete used in cold-weather climates
Air-Entraining Admixtures
These make the concrete set up at a slower rate. This is useful in hot weather.
Retarding Admixtures
These increase the rate at which concrete gains strength. This can be important if the concrete must be put into service quickly.
Accelerating Admixtures
____ _____ is one type of accelerator.
Calcium cloride
These make it possible to reduce the amount of mixing water without reducing the workability of the concrete. This makes concrete stronger.
Water-reducing admixtures
The appearance of fine cracks that appear in irregular patterns over the surface of concrete.
Crazing
Occur mostly in concrete slabs. They appear as a series of shallow, parallel cracks in the surface. They are cause by too rapid drying of the concrete surface.
Plastic shrinkage cracks
____ that extend through the concrete can significantly reduce its strength and long-term durability.
Cracks
___ is a term that describes the formation of loose powder on the surface of hardened concrete. It is sometimes called dusting.
Chalking
____ is a term that describes widespread flaking of hardened concrete surface. It is often the result of exposing the concrete to freeze/thaw extremes.
Scale
Strength, durability, watertightness, and water resistance are controlled by the amount of ___ in proportion to the amount of _____. The lower the proportion of ___, the stronger the cement. However, low levels of ______ make the concrete stiffer. This can make it more difficult to place.
Water and Cement
Water
Water
A batch of concrete could be measured by using one pail of Portland cement, two pails of sand, and three pails of gravel or crushed stone. This would be called a _____ batch.
1:2:3 batch
