Carnivores Flashcards
how could be evidenced the completed ovulation in the dog
measurement of progesterone conc
what is characteristic of the reproductive cycle in dogs
aseasonal monoestrous, spontanesous ovulation
which statement is correct?
clinical signs of proestrus in dogs are induced by
increase of oestrogen conc
what is characterisitic of a cat reproductive cycle
Cats are seasonally polyestus with induced ovulation
what does flushing mean
increased energy and protein intake
what is the most important accessory male organ
prostate
how could you explain the decrease of body temp prior to partuition in dogs
Decrease in progesterone
what treatment do you use in cats with hyperplastic fibroadenoma complex/hyperplastic fibroadenomatosis
aglepriston
mark the correct statement about pyometra
progesterone induced changes of the endometrium facilitate adherence of e. coli
what can be the consequence of spaying a dog in diestrus
pseudopregnancy
what are the target cells of the fsh in the testis
sertoli cells
mark the correct statement obeisity following neutering
mostly characteriszed by its formation in 2 years after neutering
which cells produces testosterone
leydig cells
in how many fractions of a dog ejaculate semen
3
what is the tight junction
blood-testis barrier to protect developing spermatozoa
what the is volume of the 2nd phase of the dog ejaculate
1-6ml
what is indicated by the less opaque of the collected semen
low conc of t he sperm
the high magnification is used to evalutate the
individual movement of the spermatozoa
what is the response of the live spermatozoa in the hypo-osmotic swelling test
swelling ofthe tail
what is the peroxidase test used for
to detect WBC
which spermatozoa is stained in the viabilitity test (eosin)
dead
what does normozooprermia mean
all the spermatozoa are normal?
working princible of fluroescent in situ hybridisation (FISH)
coincubation of denatured dna sample with fluorescin labelled dna probe
methods for evaluation of recovered embryos for freezing of fresh transfer
incorect ans
visualisation of the female pronucleus by staining
what do endometrial cups produce
PMSG
the follicular phase consists of
proestrus and oestrus
where can the GnRH surge centre be found in males
males dont have one
how could you explain the decrease in body temp prior to partuition in dogs
Decrease in progesterone
what kind of change happen during slow cooling of native cells
due to water efflux the cell volume decrease are the intracellular osmotic pressure increase
what does the analytical sensitivity show
minimal detectable conc
what influences the changes in vaginal epithelium during heat
oestrogen
mark the incorrect statement regarding clinical and biochemical alterations in pregnant bitch
constantly decrease energy requirements
which is not a sign for impending partuition in bitch
incorect statement
sudden increase in body temp by 1-2oC
how long is a dogs pregnancy
62-63 days
what is the meaning of preovulatory luteinization
the plasma progesterone level starts to increase prior to LH peak
mark the incorrect statement. which factor does not predispose to primary uterine inertia
high humidity
which method can we not use for AI if we use frozen semens
intravaginal
has to be transuterus
what progesterone level is expected at day 0 of the oestrus cycle (LH peak) in the dog
rises above 2ng/ml
what do you not necessarily have to think about systocia
the bitch has been panting, trembling, restless for 6hrs but nothing else
which statement is false concerning the hormonal background of the luteal phase in bitches
The continuationof pregnancy is maintained by progesterone produced by the corpus luteum and the placenta produced in dogs produce p4
how does the plasma progesterone change after ovulation
increases
which factor does not influence the success of AI
the weatehr of the day
mark the incorrect statement regarding clinical pseudopregnancy
the use of dopamine antagonist as primary medication is recommended
clinical signs of proestrus in dogs are induced by
increase of oestrogen
which is a misjudgement of foetal heart rate
100-150BOM means moderate foetal distress
what happens are the end of canine pregnancy
the relaxine conc is high
what does capacitation mean
the spermatozoa acquire teh hyperactive motility
what does the acrosome reaction mean
fusion of outer acrosomal membrane with plasma membrane of spermatozoa
what is the something acrosome
formation of the zone block
what does polspermiosis mean
more than one spermatozoa penetrating the oocyte
what is the location of the fusion proteins on the spermatozoa
the equatorial segment which can be found on the head of spermatozoa
what is the task of fusion proteins
to secure the physical connection between the head of the spermatozoa and the oolemma
at which stage of embryo developement the differentiation of the cell blastomeres is started
blastocyst stage
in the dog - maternal recognition is based on the production of
no significant maternal recognition
in the eoman the maternal recognition odd pregnancy is based on teh production of
human chorionic gonadotropin
what develops into corpus luteum afterovulation
the theca and granulosa cells of the follicle convert into luteal cells
what is the reproductive role of kisspeptin neurons
based on melatonin input, stimulates or inhibits the GNRH production
what is the 2 cell 2 gonadotropin model
testosterone production of theca cells (LH) and its conversion to oestrogen by granulosa cells (FSH)
what is regulating seasonality
pineal gland melatonin through kisspepin GNRH axis
difference btween protein and steroid hormones mechanism of action
protein hormones –> cytoplasm
steroid hormones –>cytoplasm and nucleus
how can the optimal time of breeding (insemination) of the dog be predicted
a combined investigation of behaviour bloody discharge vaginal cytology and P4 assay
the only successfull process of sexifying perm
flow cytometry
first thing to do in orphan puppy
check temp
what is the insemination happens too late after the heat
ageing og the oocyte
what does silent heat mean
no clinical signs of heat
the following statment is true for the allowed forced extraction
3-4medium powered people alternatingly pull the obstetrical chains/ropes which has been fixed to the legs and head of the foetus
which is not a simple loop
gagny loop
choose the correct answer of a foetus in oblique dorso-vertical presentation
we can try with half the body of the foetus
where to perform an episiotomy in bitches
along the medial line between the vulva and the anal ring
in which could the form and size of the head be normal
schistosoma reflexum
what does vaginoscopy mean
inserting vaginoscopy and applying a light soource into the vagina for internal observation of the organ
how does a PGF2A treatment with therapeutic dose at the day after partution act on uterine contractility
doesnt act on it
what would you use as a first choice to treat puerperal paresis
IV calcium gluconate
correct statment about the size of the uterus postpartum
is decreased to approx its half within 10days postpartum
what does hatching mean
the embryo at the blastocyst stage leaves hte zona pellucida
bacteria present in the uterus on day 28-35 postpartum, linear correclated with impaired reproduction performance later
trueperella pyogenes
clinical examination of metritis
if no spontaneous shedding of discharge takes place, colelction from the cervical orifice either manually of using appropriate tools is strongly advised
where are kisspeptin neurons present
in the anterioir lobe of the pituitary
what does puberty mean in domestic animals
maturation of genital organs and start of cyclic sexual activity
how long is pregnancy of cat
63-65 days
The amount of sperm that you need for artificial fertilization in dogs?
150-200x10^6 to be successfull
Which one is true? newborn kittens
The newborn kittens need a 30-32ºC environmental temperature in the first days
When can you see cornificated cells in the vaginal smear of dog?
Oestrous
Which one is not characteristic in pseudopregnancy of cats?
Milk can be obtained
Which stimulates the secretion of prolactin?
Serotonin
How do you know there was ovulation by dog (which hormone used to
detect ovulation)?
P4 = 3-5 ng/mL (>2: LH peak is coming)
What does it mean when before giving birth something like egg-white
comes out of the dogs vagina?
Dissolving of the cervical plug
Why is there a lot of keratinized cells in cytology of dog during oestrus,
and which hormone is responsible for this?
To decrease irritation to the vagina during copulation and the hormone is estrogen
What is the cause of polyuria in case of pyometra?
Decreased ADH sensitivity of kidney
Which is not characteristic in cats?
Spontaneous ovulation
How can you mechanically stimulate respiration in the new-borns?
Mouth to mouth expired air, tracheal tube with AMBU balloon
When do you recommend for prophylactic calcium supplementation in the
bitch?
Just in case of eclampsia puerperalis
After the optimal time of mating, plasma progesterone concentration in
bitches…?
Plasma progesterone increases
Which could be the consequence of asphyxiating?
Cerebral haemorrhage and oedema
Which treatment protocols are suitable for the retention of foetal
membranes in dogs and cats?
Ergot alkaloids, antimicrobials and in case of need you do a hysterotomy
What does hypercapnia mean?
Blood carbonate concentration increased
What is the marginal haematoma?
Haematoma at the edge of placenta zonaria in carnivores
What is the first thing you have to do with an asphyxiated neonate?
Airway aspiration
What kind of acid-base stance is characteristic for a healthy neonate?
Slight respiratory metabolic acidosis
What does surfactant expression mean?
Surface-active lipoprotein in the lung
Which drugs can be used for the treatment of secondary uterine inertia
in the dog?
Oxytocin and glucose (oxytocin + calcium)
When is it good to mate/inseminate the dog ?
3-4 days after preovulatory LH peak
What is the time of ovulation in the dog?
1-2 days after the onset of estrus
How long is the duration of pre-ovulatory-like LH peak?
About 6-8 hours
When does the dog ovulate?
About 24-48 (<72) hours after the preovulatory LH peak
How do you stich the uterus after C-section?
Sero-muscularly
what is the fertile lifespan of spermatozoa in dogs
7 days
which species is not polyestrus
dog
Which species have induced ovulation?
A. Dogs
B. Cats
C. Both
D. None
cats
Which species is spontaneously ovulating domestic mammals?
A. Dogs
B. Cats
C. Both
D. None
dogs
What is the expected progesterone concentration at Day 0 of the
oestrus cycle in the bitch?
A. 6 ng/ml
B. 2 ng/ml
C. 10 ng/ml
D. 1 ng/ml
E. 20 ng/ml
2ng.ml
How could the time of ovulation be determined in dogs?
A. Measurement of FSH concentration
B. Female accepts approach of males
C. Measurement of oestrogen concentration
D. Measurement of progesterone concentration
E. Between day 9-13th after onset of heating
measurement of progesterone conc
Which order is true in dogs?
A. LH peak – Nidation – Fertilisation – Ovulation
B. Ovulation – Oestrogen increase – Progesterone increase – Fertilisation
C. Oestrogen increase – LH peak – Oestrogen decrease –
Fertilisation
D. Nidation – Fertilization – Progesterone increase – Oestrogen decrease
E. LH peak – Progesterone decrease – Oestrogen increase – Nidation
Oestrogen increase – LH peak – Oestrogen decrease –
Fertilisation
Which statement is true? Clinical signs of oestrus in dogs are induced
by:
A. Increase in progesterone concentration
B. Increase in oestrogen concentration
C. LH peak
D. Increase in prolactin concentration
E. Decrease is progesterone concentration
Increase in oestrogen concentration
hich statement does not characterize the LH peak in dogs?
A. Duration of it is 12-24 hours
B. It is induced by increased function of “surge” centre of hypothalamus
C. It precede 2 days the ovulation
D. It is induced by ovulation
E. Function of tonic centre of hypothalamus induced minor LH impulses
. It is induced by ovulation
Which is not a reason of eclampsia puerperalis?
A. Lactation
B. Calcium supplementation during the pregnancy
C. Liver dysfunction during pregnancy
D. Phosphorus supplementation during the pregnancy
E. Elongated parturition
Liver dysfunction during pregnancy
Which of the below factors is not characteristic for pregnancy toxicosis
in bitches?
A. Alkalosis
B. Acidosis
C. Hypoglycaemia
D. Ketonaemia
E. Hypothermia
Alkalosis
Which of the below conditions is not a postpartum disease in dogs?
A. Hyperketonaemia
B. Hypocalcaemia
C. Eclampsia puerperalis
D. Placenta retention
E. Endometritis
Hyperketonaemia
At the end of pregnancy in the dog:
A. The progesterone concentration increases
B. The prolactin concentration decreases
C. The oestrogen concentration increases
D. A LH peak is induced
E. Relaxin concentration reaches the maximum
Relaxin concentration reaches the maximum
What is your diagnosis in the postpartum bitch patient, having high
temperature and panting?
A. Hypoglycaemia
B. Hyperglycaemia
C. Ketonuria
D. Hypercalcaemia
E. Hypocalcaemia
Hypocalcaemia
Which antibiotics can be used during the lactation?
A. Chloramphenicol
B. Cephalosporins
C. Fluoroquinolones
D. Tetracycline
E. Aminoglycosides
Cephalosporins
Which one does not predispose the new-borns for septicaemia?
A. Dilution of commercial milk replacer is less than prescribed
B. Wound
C. Dilution of commercial milk replacer is higher than prescribed
D. New dog in the kennel
E. Antibiotic treatment
Dilution of commercial milk replacer is higher than prescribed
Which one is not the way of fluid therapy in new-borns?
A. Intravenous
B. Intraperitoneal
C. Intraosseous
D. Subcutan
E. Per os
Subcutan
What do we have to do at first with hypoglycaemic and hypothermia in
new-borns?
A. Warming
B. Feeding with tube
C. Glucose infusion
D. Antibiotics
E. Naloxone administration
Glucose infusion
8
Which is the first step of caesarean section?
A. Clinical examination
B. Pre-oxygenation
C. Shaving of hair
D. Disinfection of skin
E. Narcosis induction
Pre-oxygenation
What do we have to do with the new-borns just after the birth?
A. Disinfection of umbilicus
B. Clearing of airways
C. Drying with towels
D. Checking heartbeats
E. Warming
Clearing of airways
Which one is usable for caesarean section?
A. Acepromazine
B. Opioids
C. Halothane
D. Barbiturates
E. T-61
Opioids
Which one is not a point of view of the narcosis protocol?
A. Antidotum
B. Does not induce hypoxia
C. Does not depress the blood pressure
D. The latest literature references
E. Safety to use
The latest literature references
Which is the immediately indication of caesarean section in small animal
practice:
A. Palatoshisis
B. Fetal 170 BPM
C. Pregnancy toxaemia
D. Meconium in foetal fluid
E. 67th day pregnancy calculated from LH peak
fetal 170BPM
Changes in vaginoscopy findings in bitches during heat depend from?
A. The progesterone concentration
B. The oestrogen concentration
C. The LH concentration
D. The FSH concentration
E. The vaginal cytology
The estrogen concentration
When do you recommend for prophylactic calcium supplementation in the
bitch?
A. Before parturition in small-sized dogs
B. Before parturition in large-sized dogs
C. After parturition in large-sized dogs
D. After parturition in small-sized dogs
E. Just in case of eclampsia puerperalis
Before parturition in small-sized dogs
In the bitch what may be the consequence of ovariectomy, if the animal
is operated during the effect of acting gestagens treatment?
A. Nothing
B. Pyometra
C. Pregnancy
D. Pseudopregnancy
E. Obesity
Pyometra
If vaginal cytology shows that more than 75% of the cells are anuclear
cornified/keratinized cells it is:
A. Metestrus/diestrus
B. Estrus
C. Pro-estrus
D. Anestrus
Estrus
Which hormone cause the thickening of the vaginal mucosa?
A. Progesterone
B. LH
C. Prolactin
D. Oestrogen
Oestrogen
Which anatomic structure(s) should be avoided when collectiong vaginal
smears:
A. Dorsal wall of the vagina
B. Clitoral fossa and urethral opening
C. Cervix uteri
D. No special care is needed
Clitoral fossa and urethral opening
Advised angle and direction of introducing vaginal speculum in the bitch?
A. 45 degree, craniodorsal direction
B. 45 degree, cranioventral direction
C. Horizontal
D. Vertical
45 degree, craniodorsal direction
If apperance of vaginal mucosa is dry with large, tacky, pale
pink/whitish/creamy and folds are angulated, wrinkled, it is characteristic
of?
A. Early pro-estrus
B. Estrus
C. Anestrus
D. Diestrus (metestrus)
Estrus
If apperance of vaginal mucosa is red/pink with large, shiny, oedematous
folds and copious serosanguinous discharge, it is characteristic of?
A. Early pro-estrus
B. Estrus
C. Anoestrus
D. Dioestrus (metoestrus)
Early pro-estrus
Vaginoscopy findings: if endoscopic apperance of the vaginal mucosa is
red, flat, smooth and dry, it is probably?
A. Anestrus or diestrus (metestrus)
B. Pro-estrus
C. Estrus
D. Cannot be linked to any cycle stage
Anestrus or diestrus (metestrus)
Mark the incorrect answer connection with healthy dog semen:
A. Quantity: 2,5-8 ml
B. Concentration: 4-400 million/ml
C. Sperm number/ejaculate: 300-2000 millions
D. Progressive motility: <70%
E. Normal morphology: >80%
Progressive motility: <70%
Mark the correct answer! (dog semen)
A. Dog semen has two fractions
B. The second fraction originates from prostatic gland
C. The prostatic fraction is collected together with sperm rich fraction
D. The sperm rich fraction is the second fraction of dog semen
E. The dog semen is not fractionate
The sperm rich fraction is the second fraction of dog semen
Cell dyeing for determination of live/death proportion of dog semen:
A. Diff-Quick
B. Giemsa
C. Kovács-Foote
D. Shorr-Papanicolaou
Giemsa
In which stage of mating is most of the seminal fluid ejaculated in male
dog?
A. Stage 1
B. Stage 2
C. Stage 3
D. Stage 4
E. All of the stages
Stage 2
In which fraction is most of the seminal fluid ejaculated in male dog?
A. Fraction 1
B. Fraction 2
C. Fraction 3
D. Fraction 4
E. All of the fractions
Fraction 3
Progesterone value in the bitch at the ovulation:
A. Less than 1 ng/ml
B. 2 ng/ml
C. 5-8 ng/ml
D. More than 10 ng/ml
5-8 ng/ml
Progesterone value in the bitch at the time of LH peak:
A. Less than 1 ng/ml
B. 2 ng/ml
C. 5-8 ng/ml
D. More than 10 ng/ml
2 ng/ml
Preovulatory lutenizationin the bitch means:
A. Follicles start to produce progesterone before ovulation
B. Follicles rupture at ovulation and corpora lutea start to produce progesterone
only after it
C. Progesterone rises only after fertilization
D. No preovulatory luteinization in the canine species
Follicles start to produce progesterone before ovulation
Which one is the causative agent of pyometra?
A. Due to bacterial complication
B. Due to endometrial degeneration
C. Oestrogen and progesterone abnormalities
due to bacterial complication
Which of these pain types is responsible for the expulsion of the
placenta?
A. Opening pains
B. Expulsive pains
C. Violent pains
D. After pains
After pains
Which species has a refracted broken final part, of the soft birth canal?
A. Dog
B. Horse
C. Cattle
D. Cat
Dog
Which signs is not characteristic for starting a delivery?
A. Vulva-oedema
B. Foul-smelling discharge from the vagina
C. Udder oedema and colostrum secretion
D. Labour pains
Foul-smelling discharge from the vagina
Which statement is false?
A. Pyometra occurs usually in aged bitches
B. Pyometra occurs usually in the luteal phase in bitches
C. Pyometra occurs usually in bitches, which have never been pregnant in their life
D. Pyometra occurs usually in bitches, which have been pregnant
several times in their life
Pyometra occurs usually in bitches, which have been pregnant
several times in their life
Duration of regular corpus luteum phase in non-pregnant dogs is?
A. About 60 days
B. About 17 days
C. About 35-45 days
D. About 100 days
About 60 days
Thrombocytopenia is not induced by one of the followings:
A. Pyometra
B. Administration of oestradiol opinionate containing preparations
C. Administration of oestradiol benzoate containing preparations
D. Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate containing
preparations
Administration of medroxyprogesterone acetate containing
preparations
Which statement is false in domestic carnivores?
A. In feline pregnancy, the placenta produces progesterone also
B. In dog the main luteotrophic factor is the prolactin
C. The canine pyometra does usually occur some days before the expected time of estrus
D. Decrease duration of daily (night time) melatonin elevation induces the folliculogenesis in cat
The canine pyometra does usually occur some days before the expected time of estrus
In cat you suspect the pyometra in case of the following clinical signs:
A. Polyuria/polydipsia in cat
B. Abdominal enlargement two months after the oestrus
C. Pollakiuria, abdominal pain
D. Conjunctivitis purulent, abdominal enlargement
a. polyuria/polydipsia
In cat ovulation is induced by the copulation-induced elevation of:
A. LH
B. FSH
C. GnRH
D. Progesterone
LH
What may happen if the gestagen-suppressed proestrus is followed by
an ovariectomy?
A. Nothing
B. Pseudopregnancy
C. Pyometra
D. Incontinentia urinae
Pyometra
Which conservative treatment could you administer in case of canine
pyometra?
A. Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid, Proligestone, PGF2a
B. Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid, PGF2a, Ringer lactate
C. Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid, Ergometrine, NaHCO
D. Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid, PGF2a, treatment of acid base
imbalance
Amoxicillin Clavulanic acid, PGF2a, treatment of acid base
imbalance
Polydipsia develops in pyometra due to:
A. Deposition of immune-complexes in the kidney
B. Acidosis due to Na resorption
C. AVP desensibilisation due to endotoxins
D. Hypertonisation of small intestine due to acidosis
AVP desensibilisation due to endotoxins
Which of the following statements regarding the artificial insemination of
the dog is correct?
A. Native semen should be deposited into the vagina, near the external os of the uterus
B. Insemination with semen chilled or … is successful only if deposited into the uterus
C. Intra-vaginal insemination with frozen thawed semen is successful after increased sperm concentration
D. Frozen thawed semen results in unacceptable conception rate even after surgical (intrauterine) insemination
E. The current sperm freezing protocols results in successful conception rate both after intrauterine and intra-vaginal insemination
Native semen should be deposited into the vagina, near the external os of the uterus
Which of the following statements regarding to the dog is incorrect?
A. Increase of relaxin is accurate and reliable symptom for the pregnancy
B. The most reliable sign for the pregnancy is the increase of prolactin
C. Serum progesterone profiles in pregnant and non-pregnant bitches are similar
D. Pseudopregnancy can successfully be treated by anti-prolactin (dopamine antagonist) preparates
E. Canine pregnancy can be diagnosed by real time ultrasonography as early as day 25-30
Pseudopregnancy can successfully be treated by anti-prolactin (dopamine antagonist) preparates
What is the most typical picture in the vaginal smears of the bitch
around ovulation?
A. Basal and parabasal cells with well-stained large nuclei
B. Predominantly erythrocytes (vaginal bleeding)
C. High number of leukocytes
D. Keratinised anuclear cells with poor staining
E. Vaginal smear with small amount of cells
Keratinised anuclear cells with poor staining
What is the most reliable method for predicting the time of ovulation in
the bitch?
A. Behavioural changes (acceptance of the male)
B. Multiplied epithelium layers in the vagina
C. The number of days after the proestrus vaginal bleeding
D. Determination of the serum oestrogen peak
E. Serum progesterone exceeding the threshold level
Serum progesterone exceeding the threshold level
Which treatment procedures can be used for prevention of canine
pyometra?
A. After rehydration of the patient, ovariohysterectomy
B. Per oral administration of broad spectrum antibiotics
C. Combination of prostaglandin F2alpha and estradiol
D. Combination of prostaglandin F2alpha and oxytocin
After rehydration of the patient, ovariohysterectomy
Which treatment procedures can be used for prevention of canine
pyometra?
A. Per oral administration of broad-spectrum antibiotics during the estrus
B. Per oral administration of synthetic gestagens during the estrus
C. Both of the above treatments
D. None of the above treatments
None of the above treatments
Which treatment procedures can be used for prevention of canine
pyometra?
A. Prostaglandin F2alpha administered at oestrus
B. Oestradiol administered at oestrus
C. Both of the above treatments
D. None of the above treatments
None of the above treatments
Which treatment predisposes bitches for pyometra?
A. Synthetic gestagens (progestogens) used for suppression of
estrus
B. Prolactin inhibitors
C. Both of the above treatments
D. None of the above treatment
Synthetic gestagens (progestogens) used for suppression of
estrus
Which treatment predisposes bitches for pyometra?
A. hCG administered at oestrus
B. Oestradiol administered at the earliest days of suspected
pregnancy
C. Both of the above treatments
D. None of the above treatments
Oestradiol administered at the earliest days of suspected
pregnancy
luteal phase consists of
diestrus
corpus luteum in metestrus
CL formation doesn’t occur here
corpus luteum in dioestrus
CL in ovary
legnth of follicular phase in bitches and queen
15-25days
4-19days
length of luteal phase in bitches
65 days
30- 35 days
what phase can pseudopregnancy occur in
luteal phase
Which of the following is TRUE? Clinical signs of proestrus in the dog…
a. Is caused by an increase in progesterone
b. Is caused by an increase in estrogen
c. Is caused by an increase in LH
d. Is caused by rising levels of prolactin
Is caused by an increase in estrogen
- Which stage of the cycle can the selection of LH-sensitive follicles be observed in the
dog?
a. Proestrus
b. Late anestrus
c. Dioestrus
d. Oestrus
b. Late anestrus
What triggers the receptive behavior in the bitch, as well as the development of the LH
peaks?
a. Increased E2 concentration in the blood
b. Increased E2 in the follicle
c. The decrease in the E2 to P4 ratio centrally
d. Increased LH concentration in the blood
c. The decrease in the E2 to P4 ratio centrally
What is the difference in P4 levels in case of pregnant and non-pregnant
bitches?
nothing
Which of the followings is NOT indication for artificial insemination?
cryptorchid male
