Caring for Clients in Shock Flashcards
adenosine triphosphate (ATP)
energy source for operating sodium and potassium pumps on cellular membrane
adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
substance secreted by the pituitary that stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete corticosteroid hormones
anaerobic metabolism
inefficient mechanism for meeting energy requirements used when the amount of oxygen reaching the cells decreases
anaphylactic shock
severe allergic reaction that occurs after exposure to a substance to which a person is extremely sensitive
antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
substance secreted by the pituitary in response to low blood volume that promotes reabsorption of water that the kidneys would ordinarily excrete
cardiac output
volume of blood ejected from the left ventricle per minute
cardiogenic shock
shock that occurs when contraction of the heart is ineffective and cardiac output is reduced
catecholamines
neurotransmitters that stimulate responses by the sympathetic nervous system
compensation stage
first stage of shock, during which several physiologic mechanisms attempt to stabilize the spiraling consequences of shock
corticosteroid hormones
chemicals secreted by the adrenal cortex
decompensation stage
stage in shock that occurs as compensatory mechanisms fail and the client’s condition spirals downward into cellular hypoxia, coagulation defects, and cardiovascular changes
distributive shock
shock that occurs when fluid in the circulatory system does not facilitate effective perfusion of the tissue; sometimes called normovolemic shock
endotoxins
harmful chemicals released from within a bacterial cell; probably the major cause of toxic shock
hypovolemic shock
condition that occurs when the volume of extracellular fluid is significantly diminished, primarily because of a loss or reduction in blood or plasma
hypoxia
decrease in the amount of oxygen reaching the cells
irreversible stage
stage in shock that occurs when significant numbers of cells and organ systems become damaged, and the client no longer responds to medical interventions
ischemia
impaired oxygenation of cells and tissues
multiple organ dysfunction syndrome
complication of overwhelming inflammation that results in massive cellular, tissue, and organ injury
neurogenic shock
shock that results from an insult to the vasomotor center in the medulla of the brain or to the peripheral nerves that extend from the spinal cord to the blood vessels
obstructive shock
shock that occurs when the heart or great vessels are compressed
oliguria
low urine output of less than 500 mL/day
positive inotropic agents
drugs with beta-adrenergic activity that increase the heart rate and improve the force of heart contraction
septic shock
shock associated with overwhelming bacterial infections; also called toxic shock
shock
life-threatening condition that occurs when arterial blood flow and oxygen delivery to tissues and cells are inadequate
systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS)
inflammatory state without a proven source of infection
vasopressors
drugs that increase peripheral vascular resistance and raise blood pressure