Career & Lifestyle Development Flashcards
A counselor who structures a career counseling group to help group members understand a "fields and levels" approach to careers is following the theory of: A. Tiedeman B. Holland C. Super D. Roe
D. Roe
The concept of "career maturity" has been described and researched most extensively by: A. Ginzberg B. Hoyt C. Tiedeman D. Crites
D. Crites
Which of the following is not one of Roe's 8 basic occupational groupings? A. General culture B. Organization C. Science D. Social
D. Social
Which of the following is not one of Herr and Cramer’s 5 stages of career program planning?
A. Developing a program rationale and philosophy
B. Implementing the program
C. Milestones
D. Selecting alternate program processes
B. Implementing the program
Name the 5 stages of career program planning according to Herr and Cramer.
- Developing a program rationale and philosophy
- Stating program goals and behavioral objectives
- Selecting alternate program processes
- Developing an evaluation design
- Setting milestones
Many popular career-guidance computer programs, such as SIGI and CHOICES, are designed to help match clients, based on their interests and aptitudes, to an appropriate career. In this way, such programs are based on the ideas of which of the following theorists: A. Holland B. Roe C. Super D. Williamson
D. Williamson
What theory was E. G. Williamson an early advocate of?
Trait-and-factor theory
Define trait-and-factor theory.
Individuals can be matched to an appropriate career based on their traits and aptitudes
Who was an early advocate of the trait-and-factor theory?
E. G. Williamson
Holland's hexagon is used to determine a person's: A. Consistency B. Personality type C. Differentiation D. A. and B.
A. Consistency
What is consistency according to Holland?
Consistency refers to the degree to which the elements comprising a person’s personality subtype are similar.
Define differentiation according to Holland.
A part of Holland’s revision of his theory of career choice. Differentiation is the extent to which an individual’s personality is well-defined; that is, a differentiated person would show a lot of resemblance to one type and less resemblance to another type.
Lifestyle and career development have been emphasized
a. only since the late 1950s.
b. only since the late 1960s.
c. only since nondirective counseling became popular.
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
d. since the beginning of the counseling and guidance movement and are still major areas of concern.
Most research in the area of career development and its relationship to students indicates that
a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
b. students did not want career guidance despite its importance.
c. many students were too infl exible to benefit from career guidance.
d. high school students wanted career guidance but junior high school or middle school-level students did not.
a. a very high proportion of students in high school and at the junior high or middle-school level wanted guidance in planning a career. Career interests are more stable after college.
A dual-career family (or dual-worker couple) is one in which both partners have jobs to which they are committed on a somewhat continuous basis. Which statement is true of dual-career families?
a. Surprisingly enough, dual-career families have lower incomes than families in which only one partner works.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
c. Dual-career families have incomes which are almost identical to families with one partner working.
d. Surprisingly enough, no research has been conducted on dual-career families.
b. Dual-career families have higher incomes than the so-called traditional family in which only one partner is working.
In the dual-career family, partners seem to be more self-sufficient than in the traditional family. In a dual-career household, the woman
a. generally has children before entering the work force.
b. rarely if ever has children.
c. is not self-reliant.
d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.
d. is typically secure in her career before she has children.
Studies indicate that
a. students receive ample vocational guidance.
b. most parents can provide appropriate vocational guidance.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
d. career days meet the vocational guidance needs of most students.
c. students want more vocational guidance than they receive.
Statistics reveal that
a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
b. fewer workers possess a high-school degree than ever before.
c. blue-collar jobs are growing faster than white-collar jobs.
d. older workers are slower than younger workers and have less skill.
a. on average, a worker with a bachelor’s degree earns over $10,000 a year more than a worker with a high school diploma.
When professional career counselors use the term leisure they technically mean
a. the client is having fun at work or away from work.
b. the client is relaxing at work or away from work.
c. the client is working at less than 100% capacity at work or away from work.
d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
d. the time the client has away from work which is not being utilized for obligations.
In terms of leisure time and dual-career families
a. dual-career families have more leisure time.
b. dual-career families have the same amount of leisure time as families with one wage earner.
c. dual-career families have less leisure time.
d. dual-career families have more weekend leisure time.
c. dual-career families have less leisure time.
A client who says, “I feel I cannot really become an administrator in our agency because I am a woman,” is showing an example of
a. gender bias.
b. counselor bias.
c. the trait-and-factor theory.
d. developmental theory and career choice.
a. gender bias.
One major category of career theory is known as the trait-factor (also called the trait-and factor) approach. It has also been dubbed the actuarial or matching approach. This approach
a. attempts to match conscious and unconscious work motives.
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
c. attempts to match career behavior with attitudes.
d. attempts to match cognition with the workload.
b. attempts to match the worker and the work environment (job factors). The approach thus makes the assumption that there is one best or single career for the person.
The trait-and-factor career counseling, actuarial, or matching approach (which matches clients with a job) is associated with
a. Parsons and Williamson.
b. Roe and Brill.
c. Holland and Super.
d. Tiedeman and O’Hara.
a. Parsons and Williamson.
The trait-and-factor or actuarial approach asserts that
a. job selection is a long-term development process.
b. testing is an important part of the counseling process.
c. a counselor can match the correct person with the appropriate job.
d. b and c.
d. b and c.
In 1909 a landmark book entitled Choosing a Vocation was released. The book was written by Frank Parsons. Parsons has been called
a. the Father of lifestyle.
b. the Father of modern counseling.
c. the Father of vocational guidance.
d. the fourth force in counseling.
c. the Father of vocational guidance.
Which statement is not true of the trait-and factor approach to career counseling?
a. The approach attempts to match the person’s traits with the requirements of a job.
b. The approach usually relies on psychometric information.
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
d. The approach is associated with the work of Parsons and Williamson.
c. The approach is developmental and thus focuses on career maturity.
Edmund Griffi th Williamson’s work (or the so called Minnesota Viewpoint) purports to be scientific and didactic, utilizing test data from instruments such as the
a. Rorschach and the TAT.
b. Binet and the Wechsler.
c. BDI and the MMPI.
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
d. Minnesota Occupational Rating Scales.
The trait-and-factor approach fails to take _______ into account.
a. individual change throughout the life span.
b. relevant psychometric data.
c. personality.
d. job requirements.
a. individual change throughout the life span.
Anne Roe suggested a personality approach to career choice
a. based on cognitive-behavioral therapy.
b. based on a model of strict operant conditioning.
c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
d. based on the work of Pavlov.
c. based on the premise that a job satisfies an unconscious need.
Roe was the first career specialist to utilize a two-dimensional system of occupational classification utilizing
a. unconscious and preconscious.
b. fields and levels.
c. yin and yang.
d. transactional analysis nomenclature.
b. fields and levels.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “fields” except
a. service.
b. science.
c. arts and entertainment.
d. unskilled.
d. unskilled.
All of the following are examples of Anne Roe’s “levels” except
a. outdoor.
b. semiskilled.
c. semiprofessional/small business.
d. professional and managerial.
a. outdoor.
Roe spoke of three basic parenting styles: overprotective, avoidant, or acceptant. The result is that the child
a. experiences neurosis or psychosis.
b. will eventually have a lot of jobs or a lack of employment.
c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
d. will suffer from depression in the work setting or will be highly motivated to succeed.
c. will develop a personality which gravitates (i.e., moves) toward people or away from people.
Roe’s theory relies on Abraham Maslow’s hierarchy of needs in the sense that in terms of career choice
a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs.
b. self-actualization needs take precedence over lower order needs.
c. all needs are given equal consideration.
d. the need for self-actualization would overpower a physical need.
a. lower order needs take precedence over higher order needs.
Some support for Roe’s theory comes from
a. the BDI.
b. the WAIS-R.
c. the Rorschach and the TAT.
d. the gestalt therapy movement.
c. the Rorschach and the TAT.
In terms of genetics, Roe’s theory would assert that
a. genetics play a very minor role in career choice.
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.
c. genetics are important while upbringing is not.
d. genetics are important while the unconscious is not.
b. genetics help to determine intelligence and education, and hence this influences one’s career choice.
According to Anne Roe, who categorized occupations by fields and levels,
a. the decision to pursue a career is purely a conscious decision.
b. using the Strong is the best method of explaining career choice.
c. early childhood experiences are irrelevant in terms of career choice.
d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.
d. the choice of a career helps to satisfy an individual’s needs.
A 37-year-old Caucasian male states during a counseling session that he is working as a clerk at Main Street Plumbing. This verbalization depicts the client’s
a. career.
b. lifestyle.
c. job or position.
d. occupation.
c. job or position.
Roe recognized the role of the unconscious mind in terms of career choice. Another theorist who emphasized the unconscious processes in this area of study was
a. Krumboltz.
b. Parsons.
c. Super.
d. Bordin.
d. Bordin.
Edwin Bordin felt that diffi culties related to job choice
a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
b. are indicative of inappropriate reinforcers in the environment.
c. are related to a lack of present moment awareness.
d. are the result of irrational cognitions.
a. are indicative of neurotic symptoms.
Another career theorist who drew upon psychoanalytic doctrines was A. A. Brill. Brill emphasized _______ as an ego-defense mechanism.
a. subliminal.
b. sublimation.
c. repression.
d. rationalization.
b. sublimation.
A client who becomes a professional football player because he unconsciously likes to hurt people would be utilizing _______ according to Brill’s theory of career choice.
a. subliminal.
b. sublimation.
c. suppression.
d. introjection.
c. suppression.
Today, the most popular approach to career choice reflects
a. the work of Anne Roe.
b. the work of Donald Super.
c. the work of John Holland.
d. the work of Jane Loevinger.
c. the work of John Holland.
Holland categorized _______ personality orientations which correspond to analogous work environments.
a. two.
b. five.
c. three.
d. six.
d. six.
Most experts in the field of career counseling would classify Roe, Brill, and Holland as _______ theorists.
a. behavior modification.
b. ego psychologists.
c. experiential.
d. personality.
d. personality.
Counselors who support John Holland’s approach believe that
a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
b. stereotypes cannot be considered relevant.
c. four major personality categories exist.
d. sublimation is the major factor in job selection.
a. an appropriate job allows one to express his or her personality.
Holland mentioned six modal orientations: artistic, conventional, enterprising, investigative, realistic, and social. A middle school counselor is most likely
a. artistic.
b. social.
c. enterprising.
d. realistic.
b. social.
Holland’s theory would predict that the vice president of the United States would be
a. artistic.
b. social.
c. enterprising
d. realistic.
c. enterprising
A client who wishes to work on an assembly line would fit into Holland’s _______ typology.
a. artistic.
b. conventional.
c. social.
d. realistic.
d. realistic.
Holland’s psychological needs career personality theory would say that a research chemist is primarily the _______ type.
a. investigative.
b. social.
c. enterprising.
d. artistic.
a. investigative.
Holland’s artistic type seems to value feelings over pure intellect or cognitive ability. Which of the following clients would not be best described via the artistic typology?
a. A 72-year-old part-time male ballet instructor.
b. A 29-year-old female fi ction writer.
c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator.
d. A 41-year-old singer for a heavy metal rock band.
c. A 33-year-old female drill press operator.
Holland did indeed believe in career stereotypes. In other words the person psychologically defi nes himself or herself via a given job. Thus, a bookkeeper or a clerical worker would primarily fit into the _______ category.
a. artistic.
b. conventional.
c. realistic.
d. social.
b. conventional.
In regard to an individual’s behavioral style or so-called modal orientation, Holland believed that
a. every person has a pure or discrete orientation that fits perfectly into one of the six categories.
b. occupational measures like the Strong Vocational are for the most part useless.
c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic,
d. a and b.
c. most people are not pure personality types and thus can best be described by a distribution of types such as Realistic,
