Career Counseling Final Exam Flashcards
What is Career Counseling?
All counseling activities associated with career choice over a life span. This includes all aspects of an individual’s life that make an impact on the decision-making process including family, work, personal concerns, and leisure activities are all recognized as making an impact on the career.
What is Vocational Guidance?
The process of assisting an individual (or student) to choose, prepare for and enter an occupation for which he or
she shows aptitude.
How was mental illness perceived in prehistoric times?
Mental illnesses were assumed to stem from magical beings (spirits) that overcame and inhabited an individuals mind
1. Shamans were employed or summoned in order to remove the “spiritual being”
2. Exorcisms were often performed
3. Primitive surgeries were performed in an attempt to “remove” the spirit from an individuals brain. Included trephination (trephining) – the practice of drilling a hole in part of the skull in order to give the spirit a place to exit.
4. The concept of monotheism (single God) originated in Ancient Judaism and forever changed the face of mental health
treatment. Monotheism led people to believe that mental illnesses were not caused by an “evil” or “upset” God but rather by problems in one’s relationship with God. This brought about the concepts of self-conflict and repressed guilt.
5. Hippocrates classified mental illnesses into three categories: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever). He believed deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology.
What is Career Development?
a constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic and change-making factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual. This includes the development and needs that are associated with the stages of life with tests that affect career fulfillment
What mental hospitals were of note throughout history?
First known psychiatric hospital was Bethlem Royal Hospital (a.k.a. Bedlam) founded in London in 1247 and in 1403 actively began accepting “lunatics” or “crazy people.”
After the Great Fire of London
in February, 1666, Robert Hooke designed the new Bethlem (Bethlehem Hospital) in Moorfields. The facility opened in 1676 and remained an icon until 1815 when it was replaced by St George’s Fields Bethlem. The Moorfield’s Bethlem had 130 patients in 1704.
What contributions did John Locke make?
1690 wrote “An Essay Concerning Understanding, in which he wrote the famous words” . . . there is a degree of madness in almost everyone.”
Set in motion the 18th century views of reason and unreason
“tabula rasa,” raising question does environment shape being
What was the Madhouse Act of 1744?
Required private mental health institutions to have a license in order to offer services
What did the decree issued in 1793 after the French Revolution require?
All detained persons not convicted, under arrest, charged with major crimes, or contained by reason of madness “will be set at liberty.”
Those who were “mad” were to be examined and either set at liberty or “cared for in hospitals indicated for that purpose.”
What contributions did Dorothea Dix make?
In 19th century actively campaigned for reform legislation and funds to establish suitable mental health facilities. Raised millions and established more than 30 modern mental health hospitals largely staffed by caring and loving individuals
What was the 1808 County Asylums Act?
First act that allowed countries to collect money from the community in order to fund mental health asylums.
Who first developed the DSM?
Emil Krapelin (1856-1926). His Textbook of Psychiatry outlined a system for classifying mental illness.
What was the Lunacy Act?
The 1845 act required counties to provide asylums for mentally ill individuals within their region.
It led to a “locking up” of more mentally ill individuals. By the end of 1890 roughly 120-344 individuals were incarcerated in asylums.
When were placement services first used?
Placement services began in urban areas between 1890 and 1919.
Who is known as the father of vocational guidance?
Frank Parsons. He founded the Vocation Bureau of Boston in 1908, sought to eradicate child labor, and published a three-step book on career decision making in 1909.
What did Binet and Simon publish?
This pair developed the first intelligence test in 1908 and published the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test in 1916.
Who were the major career theorists of the 1950s-1960s?
Roe, Super, and Holland.
What was the Americans with Disabilities Act?
A 1992 U.S. law requiring employers to make accommodations for individuals with disabilities.
What was the Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act?
a 1984 act focused on educating students about careers.
What was the combined mental health effect of the Comprehensive Mental Health Bill passed under JFK in 1964 and the Medicare/Medicaid Acts of 1966?
A great reduction in inpatient mental health facilities.
Why do we use assessments in vocational counseling?
To (a) provide individual awareness; (b) increase opportunities and alternatives; and (c) provide additional knowledge for the counselor so that s/he can help the client make balanced decisions.
What does one look for in assessment instruments when evaluating them?
Validity & reliability.
What does validity mean in terms of evaluating assessments?
Does the test actually measure what it says it will measure?
What does reliability mean in terms of evaluating assessments?
Do the test results yield the same results with multiple iterations of the test?
How do you obtain statistics about a test/inventory?
To obtain statistics about a career counseling test or inventory, you typically need to access the test publisher’s manual, which provides detailed information regarding the test’s reliability, validity, norming data, and other relevant statistics, often including data on how different demographic groups performed on the test; you can also conduct your own research by administering the test to a sample population and analyzing the results statistically.
