Career Counseling Final Exam Flashcards
What is Career Counseling?
All counseling activities associated with career choice over a life span. This includes all aspects of an individual’s life that make an impact on the decision-making process including family, work, personal concerns, and leisure activities are all recognized as making an impact on the career.
What is Vocational Guidance?
The process of assisting an individual (or student) to choose, prepare for and enter an occupation for which he or
she shows aptitude.
How was mental illness perceived in prehistoric times?
Mental illnesses were assumed to stem from magical beings (spirits) that overcame and inhabited an individuals mind
1. Shamans were employed or summoned in order to remove the “spiritual being”
2. Exorcisms were often performed
3. Primitive surgeries were performed in an attempt to “remove” the spirit from an individuals brain. Included trephination (trephining) – the practice of drilling a hole in part of the skull in order to give the spirit a place to exit.
4. The concept of monotheism (single God) originated in Ancient Judaism and forever changed the face of mental health
treatment. Monotheism led people to believe that mental illnesses were not caused by an “evil” or “upset” God but rather by problems in one’s relationship with God. This brought about the concepts of self-conflict and repressed guilt.
5. Hippocrates classified mental illnesses into three categories: mania, melancholia, and phrenitis (brain fever). He believed deviant behavior was caused by brain pathology.
What is Career Development?
a constellation of psychological, sociological, educational, physical, economic and change-making factors that combine to influence the nature and significance of work in the total life span of any given individual. This includes the development and needs that are associated with the stages of life with tests that affect career fulfillment
What mental hospitals were of note throughout history?
First known psychiatric hospital was Bethlem Royal Hospital (a.k.a. Bedlam) founded in London in 1247 and in 1403 actively began accepting “lunatics” or “crazy people.”
After the Great Fire of London
in February, 1666, Robert Hooke designed the new Bethlem (Bethlehem Hospital) in Moorfields. The facility opened in 1676 and remained an icon until 1815 when it was replaced by St George’s Fields Bethlem. The Moorfield’s Bethlem had 130 patients in 1704.
What contributions did John Locke make?
1690 wrote “An Essay Concerning Understanding, in which he wrote the famous words” . . . there is a degree of madness in almost everyone.”
Set in motion the 18th century views of reason and unreason
“tabula rasa,” raising question does environment shape being
What was the Madhouse Act of 1744?
Required private mental health institutions to have a license in order to offer services
What did the decree issued in 1793 after the French Revolution require?
All detained persons not convicted, under arrest, charged with major crimes, or contained by reason of madness “will be set at liberty.”
Those who were “mad” were to be examined and either set at liberty or “cared for in hospitals indicated for that purpose.”
What contributions did Dorothea Dix make?
In 19th century actively campaigned for reform legislation and funds to establish suitable mental health facilities. Raised millions and established more than 30 modern mental health hospitals largely staffed by caring and loving individuals
What was the 1808 County Asylums Act?
First act that allowed countries to collect money from the community in order to fund mental health asylums.
Who first developed the DSM?
Emil Krapelin (1856-1926). His Textbook of Psychiatry outlined a system for classifying mental illness.
What was the Lunacy Act?
The 1845 act required counties to provide asylums for mentally ill individuals within their region.
It led to a “locking up” of more mentally ill individuals. By the end of 1890 roughly 120-344 individuals were incarcerated in asylums.
When were placement services first used?
Placement services began in urban areas between 1890 and 1919.
Who is known as the father of vocational guidance?
Frank Parsons. He founded the Vocation Bureau of Boston in 1908, sought to eradicate child labor, and published a three-step book on career decision making in 1909.
What did Binet and Simon publish?
This pair developed the first intelligence test in 1908 and published the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test in 1916.
Who were the major career theorists of the 1950s-1960s?
Roe, Super, and Holland.
What was the Americans with Disabilities Act?
A 1992 U.S. law requiring employers to make accommodations for individuals with disabilities.
What was the Carl Perkins Vocational Education Act?
a 1984 act focused on educating students about careers.
What was the combined mental health effect of the Comprehensive Mental Health Bill passed under JFK in 1964 and the Medicare/Medicaid Acts of 1966?
A great reduction in inpatient mental health facilities.
Why do we use assessments in vocational counseling?
To (a) provide individual awareness; (b) increase opportunities and alternatives; and (c) provide additional knowledge for the counselor so that s/he can help the client make balanced decisions.
What does one look for in assessment instruments when evaluating them?
Validity & reliability.
What does validity mean in terms of evaluating assessments?
Does the test actually measure what it says it will measure?
What does reliability mean in terms of evaluating assessments?
Do the test results yield the same results with multiple iterations of the test?
How do you obtain statistics about a test/inventory?
To obtain statistics about a career counseling test or inventory, you typically need to access the test publisher’s manual, which provides detailed information regarding the test’s reliability, validity, norming data, and other relevant statistics, often including data on how different demographic groups performed on the test; you can also conduct your own research by administering the test to a sample population and analyzing the results statistically.
What are the goals of career counseling?
- Identify career beliefs (includes decision-making styles, identity issues, maladaptive behaviors, degrees of anxiety, fear of failure, reasons underlying indecision)
- Identifying skills, proficiencies, and abilities (usually measured by aptitude tests)
- identifying academic achievement (measuring current functioning and basic academic skills)
- identifying and confirming interest levels
- Discovering personality variables
- Determining values
- Exploring career maturity variables
What concerns exist when using technology in career counseling?
- Inadequate planning (computer-aided guidance systems do not take the place of counselor intervention with clients)
- inadequate staff training
- poor integration of computer-aided guidance within Career Services
- staff anxiety and resistance
What organization certifies vocational counselors?
NCDA (National Career Development Association)
What does Holland mean by Investigative?
-Likes to study/solve math/science problems
-Avoids leading, selling, persuading
-precise, scientific, intellectual
What do the letters of Holland’s theory stand for and what are their definitions?
Realistic
Investigative
Artistic
Social
Enterprising
Conventional
What does Holland mean by Realistic?
-Likes working with animals/tools/machines
-Avoids social activities
-practical
-mechanical
-realistic
What does Holland mean by Artistic?
-Likes art/drama/crafts/dance/music/creative writing
-avoids highly ordered or repetitive activities
-expressive, original, independent
What does Holland mean by Social?
-likes helping people
-avoids using machines/animals to help achieve a goal
-good at teaching, counseling, nursing, or giving information
-helpful, friendly, trustworthy
What does Holland mean by Enterprising?
-likes to lead/persuade/sell
-avoids activities that require careful observation and scientific, analytical thinking
-energetic, ambitious, sociable
What does Holland mean by Conventional?
-likes working with numbers, records, or machines in set, orderly way
-avoids ambiguous, unstructured activities
-values success in business
-orderly, good at following a set plan
What are Gottfredson’s 4 stages of development?
- Orientation to size and power
- Orientation to sex roles
- Orientation to social valuation
- Orientation to the internal, unique self
What is the definition of Gottfredson’s “orientation to size and power” stage?
-Ages 3-5
-concrete thought processes
-develop some sense through sex roles of what it means to be an adult
What is the definition of Gottfredson’s “orientation to sex roles” stage?
-ages 6-8
-self-concept influenced by gender development
What is the definition of Gottfredson’s “orientation to social valuation” stage?
-ages 9-13
-development of concepts of social class contribute to the awareness of self-in-situation
-preferences for level of work development
What is the definition of Gottfredson’s “orientation to the internal, unique self” stage?
-begins at age 14
-introspective thinking promotes greater self awareness and perceptions of others
-achievement of greater perception of vocational aspirations in the context of self, sex role, and social class
What are the axes on Gottfredson’s occupational sort graph represent?
Vertical: prestige level
Horizontal: sextype rating
What was John Krumboltz’s motto?
“Unplanned events can become opportunities for learning.”
What factors are involved in Krumboltz’ Learning Theory of Career Development?
- Genetic endowments and special abilities,
- Environmental conditions and events,
- Learning experiences, and
- Task approach skills
What are “genetic endowments and special abilities” in Krumboltz’s
learning theory of career counseling?
Inherited qualities that may set limits on the individual’s career opportunities and should be recognized as influences in the career decision-making process.
What are “environmental conditions and events” in Krumboltz’s
learning theory of career counseling?
Factors of influence that are often beyond the individual’s control. Certain events and circumstances in the individual’s environment influence skills development, activities, and career preferences. (E.g., government policies regulating certain occupations, availability of certain natural resources in environment, natural disasters).
What are “learning experiences” in Krumboltz’s
learning theory of career counseling?
Includes both instrumental and associative learning experiences.
Instrumental learning experiences are those the individual learns through reactions to consequences, direct observable results of actions, and the reactions of others.
Associative learning experiences include negative and positive reactions to pairs of previously neutral situations. (E.g., “all bankers are rich.”)
What are “task approach skills” in Krumboltz’s
learning theory of career counseling?
Includes the set of skills that the individual has developed, such as problem-solving skills, work habits, mental sets, emotional responses, and cognitive responses. These are often modified as a result of desirable or undesirable experiences.
What is the Happenstance Approach Theory?
Krumboltz, Mitchell, and Levin in 1999 developed this theory for for career counseling.
Chance events over one’s life span can have both positive and negative consequences. Unpredictable social factors, environmental conditions, and chance events over the life span are to be recognized as important influences in clients’ lives.
What war effort were Myers and Briggs associated with?
World War II servicemen returned from war to find women had assumed their jobs. These men had their horizons broadened by travel during war and many wanted to relocate to cities. They did not want to return to farms and farm work. The theorists tried to help veterans find a sense of self-efficacy by matching personality type with job.
What are John Crite’s 3 types of diagnosis of the career problem
Differential (what are the problems?)
Dynamic (why have the problems occurred?)
Decisional (how are the problems being dealt with?)
What is the trait factor model?
Frank Parsons’ career counseling approach that focused on matching an individual’s personality traits, like skills, interests, and abilities, with the specific requirements of different occupations to find the best career fit for them. Essentially, it aims to identify the right job for the right person by analyzing their individual characteristics against the demands of various careers.
What are talent themes in StrengthFinders?
The 34 different categories of natural strengths identified by the Gallup organization, which represent innate abilities and tendencies in how a person thinks, feels, and behaves.
What is the formula for a StrengthsFinder strength?
Talent x Investment = Strength
(Natural talent, when developed through practice and learning, becomes a strength.)
What is the trait-oriented and person-environment-fit model of career counseling?
This model includes the trait-and-factor approach, person-environment-correspondence counseling, and John Holland’s typology approach.
Job satisfaction significant variable in determining productivity and career tenure.
Measured abilities, interests, and values can facilitate the individual’s match to a work environment.
Achievement needs can be satisfied in one’s work environment.
Client problems are often the result of a lack of fit between an individual and his or her work environment.
Counselors focus on the individuality of clients.
What is the learning theory model of career counseling?
This includes Krumboltz’s learning theory of career counseling.
Emphasize that individual’s unique learning experiences over the life span are most influential in the career choice process.
Learning is a key ingredient in career counseling and guidance. Counselor’s major task is to enhance learning opportunities for clients.
May take the role of mentor, coach, or educator. Should be prepared to solve unique beliefs that hinder personal development.
Counselors help clients identify elements of a satisfying life that could change over time and especially how to adapt to changing circumstances and constantly changing work environments.
Indecision is not a negative but an existing condition of a client who is open to learning and exploration. Clients should be encouraged to explore, eliminate, and make tentative tryouts in a learning process.
What is the developmental model of career counseling?
Includes career counseling models such as life-span, life-space approach to careers and circumscription, compromise, and creation: a developmental theory of occupational aspirations.
Goals, learning strategies, and timing of interventions are guided by Super’s vocational developmental tasks and stages.
Counselors focus on all barriers that may diminish one’s development of career maturity and self-concept.
Clients should focus on the development of all life roles for a balanced lifestyle; an individual’s unique needs are emphasized.
Career development as a lifelong process.
Each stage of life has a series of developmental tasks.
Readiness/career maturity is essential for optimal decision-making.
Counselors focus on developmental tasks as key points for appropriate interventions.
Unique individual needs are important as guidelines for establishing counseling goals.
Clients must be prepared to project self into the work world; a realistic self-concept is necessary.
Importance of adult concerns is highlighted; what happens in one life role affects others.
Clients are not to restrict career alternatives; self-knowledge and exposure to compatible alternative career paths are essential.
What is the multicultural career counseling model for ethnic women?
Bingham & Ward’s model emphasizes contextual factors that limit career choice and stereotypes that hinder career development and introduces counselors to racial identity as a significant variable in client-counselor relationships.
What is the cognitive information processing model of career counseling?
Career choice should be approached as a problem-solving activity.
Information processing is a key skill in career exploration.
Self-knowledge and occupational knowledge are essential elements in the career choice process.
Career information processing is a learning event; thus individual learning plans provide a sequence of activities that are jointly planned by counselor and client.
What are the stages and definitions of Super’s cognitive growth theory?
Growth (birth-14)–development of self-concept, attitudes, and General world of work
Exploration (15-24)–trying out through classes, work experience, hobbies, tentative choice, and skill development
Establishment (25-44)–entry-level skill building and stabilization through work experience
Maintenance (45-64)–continual adjustment process to improve position
Decline (65+)–reduced output, prepare for retirement
What are the 5 vocational developmental tasks and definitions for Super?
Crystallization (14-18)–A cognitive process period of formulating a general vocational goal through awareness of resources, contingencies, interests, values, and planning for the preferred occupation.
Specification (18-21)–A period of moving from tentative vocational preferences toward a specific vocational preference
Implementation (21-24)–A period of completing training for vocational preference and entering employment
Stabilization (24-35)–A period of confirming a preferred career by actual work experience and use of talents to demonstrate career choice as an appropriate one.
Consolidation (35+)–A period of establishment in a career by advancement, status, and seniority
What is the definition of grief?
The conflicting feelings caused by a change or an end in a familiar pattern of behavior.
What are the key elements of loss completion when someone’s career is terminated?
-Graphing first chores/allowance, all jobs, old bosses, supervisors, and coworkers
-Converting each of these into one of three recovery categories (apologies, forgiveness, significant emotional statements)
-Writing a grief recovery letter in which one says good-bye to old dreams that are no longer achievable and lets go of pain associated with the career and any of the people involved
What are the homosexuality identity formation stages?
- Identity Confusion
- Identity Comparison
- Identity Tolerance
- Identity Pride
- Identity Synthesis
What are Mark Yarhouse’s three stages of sexual orientation development and their definitions?
- Same-sex orientation/identity dilemna (not able to be controlled but doesn’t say anything about identity or behavior)
- Homosexual orientation/identity development (experience same-sex attraction that is strong, endurable, and persistent enough to feel they are oriented toward same sex; questioning and sorting out sexual identity and what the attraction to same-sex means)
- Gay identity/identity synthesis (moves beyond describing experiences to forming identity; sense of “arrival,” identifying publicly and privately who they are)
What are the considerations for an LGTBQ client “coming out” in the workplace?
- Client’s development
- LGBTQ-affirmative status of employing organization
- Knowledge of client’s sexual orientation by family friends and associates
- Status of client’s partner and how coming out would affect them
- Readiness of client to face workplace as a known sexual minority
- Client should be asked about their short-term and long-term goals for coming out and how these goals can be reached
What are the laws and employment practices associated with the ADA?
Title III requires public accommodations, commercial facilities, and private entities to make reasonable modifications of policies, practices, and procedures that deny equal access to individuals with disabilities.
Prohibits discrimination for employment practices (includes practices for hiring, firing, advancement, compensation, training, and other terms and conditions of employment). But employers are free to select the most qualified applicant available and to make decisions on reasons unrelated to disability.
An individual with a disability is defined by the act as “a person who has a physical or mental impair mental that substantially limits one or more ‘major life activities,’ or has a record of such impairment, or has a record of such impairment, or is regarded as having such an impairment.”
What is meant by the term privilege?
Used in a particular sense, this describes unearned rights, benefits, immunity, and favors that are bestowed on individuals and groups solely on the basis of their race, culture, religion, gender, sexual orientation, physical ability, or other key characteristic.
