Cards Flashcards
1
Q
What is one nautical mile approximately equal to in feet?
A
6,080 ft.
The conversion is important for navigation and aviation.
2
Q
How does latitude affect the timing of sunrise and sunset in the southern hemisphere during summer?
A
At higher latitudes, sunrise is earlier and sunset is later, giving more daylight hours.
This is due to the inclination of the earth’s axis.
3
Q
What marks the beginning of Morning Civil Twilight (MCT)?
A
The centre of the rising sun’s disk is 6 degrees below the sensible horizon.
This phase is important for pilots and navigators.
4
Q
What is magnetic variation?
A
The correction applied to a true direction to find a magnetic direction.
Understanding magnetic variation is essential for accurate navigation.
5
Q
What is magnetic north?
A
The point where the earth’s magnetic flux lines are aligned vertically.
6
Q
What is a metre?
A
1/1000th of a kilometre.
7
Q
What is the equator?
A
The equator or 0° N/S is the central parallel used as a datum for measuring position North or South on the earth.
8
Q
How can any position be defined in relation to the equator?
A
Any position can be defined using degrees, minutes, and seconds to the North or South of 0°.
9
Q
What is the maximum latitude in degrees?
A
There are no parallels of latitude greater than 90°.
10
Q
What is the prime meridian?
A
The prime meridian or 0° E/W is the meridian that passes through Greenwich in London.
11
Q
How can any position be defined in relation to the prime meridian?
A
Any position can be defined using degrees, minutes, and seconds to the East or West of 0°.
12
Q
What is the maximum longitude in degrees?
A
There are no meridians of longitude greater than 180°.
13
Q
How can coordinates be expressed for simplicity?
A
At this stage, coordinates can be expressed using degrees and minutes, ignoring seconds.
14
Q
What is the main unit used to measure distance in aviation?
A
Nautical mile
15
Q
1 statute mile (1 sm) is equal to how many feet?
A
5280 feet
16
Q
How is a kilometre defined in relation to the distance between the North or South Pole and the equator?
A
1/10,000th the distance between the North (or South) Pole and the equator
17
Q
What is the approximate polar circumference of the earth?
A
40,000 km
18
Q
What is the equatorial circumference of the earth?
A
40,075 km
19
Q
How many metres are in a kilometre?
A
1000 metres
20
Q
What is a nautical mile (nm) derived from?
A
The angular distance on the earth’s surface subtended by one minute of latitude
21
Q
What is the fixed relationship between degrees and nautical miles?
A
1° = 60 nautical miles
22
Q
What is the fixed relationship between minutes and nautical miles?
A
1’ = 1 nautical mile
23
Q
Fill in the blank: A _______ can be defined as 1/10,000th the distance between the North or South Pole and the equator.
A
kilometre
24
Q
What does the relationship between angular distance and straight line distance depend on?
A
The two points being joined by an arc of a great circle
25
What do meridians of longitude run from?
True North Pole to True South Pole
26
When measuring direction on a chart using a protractor, what are we measuring in degrees?
degrees True (°T)
27
What is essential to ensure when using a protractor for measuring direction?
Perfectly centered on the position and parallel to the nearest meridian
28
Tracks measured on NZ VPCs and VNCs are always in degrees _____
True (*T)
29
What device do we use for direction information in the aircraft?
Magnetic Compass
30
The Magnetic Compass points to which pole?
Magnetic North Pole
31
What is the angular difference between Magnetic and True Direction called?
Variation
32
What is an isogonal line on a chart?
A line joining places of equal Variation
33
What does a 24° angle between the True and Magnetic Poles indicate?
Magnetic North Pole is East of True North Pole
34
What is an agonic line?
A line on a chart joining the True and Magnetic Poles with no variation
35
In New Zealand, Variation starts at approximately _____ in the Far North.
19.5°E
36
In New Zealand, Variation increases to approximately _____ in the Far South.
25.5°E
37
True or False: The position of the Magnetic North Pole shown is an accurate depiction of its current position.
False
38
What is the error in compass indication caused by magnetic fields from other instruments?
Deviation
## Footnote
Deviation is the angular difference between Magnetic Direction and Compass Direction.
39
What is the maximum degree of error typically associated with Deviation?
3°
## Footnote
This refers to the angular difference that usually does not exceed 3°.
40
How is Deviation expressed?
In degrees East or West
## Footnote
Similar to Variation, Deviation is expressed in degrees East or West.
41
What mnemonic helps remember the order of corrections for compass calculations?
Can Ducks Make Vertical Turns?
## Footnote
The mnemonic CDMVT stands for Compass, Deviation, Magnetic, Variation, True.
42
When working from right to left, how should east and west values be treated?
East must be subtracted and west must be added
## Footnote
This is the method for applying corrections in compass calculations.
43
What is the process when working from left to right in compass calculations?
West must be subtracted and east must be added
## Footnote
This is the opposite method applied when working left to right.
44
What does 'C' in the mnemonic CDMVT stand for?
Compass
## Footnote
Each letter in CDMVT corresponds to a specific value in compass calculations.
45
What does 'D' in the mnemonic CDMVT stand for?
Deviation
## Footnote
Deviation is the error introduced in the compass indication.
46
What does 'M' in the mnemonic CDMVT stand for?
Magnetic
## Footnote
Magnetic direction is the direction the compass points to.
47
What does 'V' in the mnemonic CDMVT stand for?
Variation
## Footnote
Variation is the difference between Magnetic North and True North.
48
What does 'T' in the mnemonic CDMVT stand for?
True
## Footnote
True direction is the actual direction based on the geographic North Pole.
49
Fill in the blank: Deviation is the angular difference between _______ and Compass Direction.
Magnetic Direction
## Footnote
This defines what Deviation measures.
50
What is the significance of the values 101°C, 099°M, and 122°T in compass calculations?
They represent Compass, Magnetic, and True headings respectively
## Footnote
These values are used in the calculations for determining direction.
51
What are the two types of variations mentioned in compass calculations?
East and West
## Footnote
Variations can be either East or West, affecting compass readings.
52
53
Where must the answer be read when dividing using the CRP-1?
The answer must be read on the outer scale over the 1 (which is 10)
54
How do you divide 80 by 20 using the CRP-1?
Place 80 on the outer scale above 20 and read the answer above 1, which is 4
55
How is the answer 4 read from the outer scale when dividing?
It is necessary to read 40 above 10 as a 4 above a 1
56
What is the solution for the division problem 90/13?
Approximately 6.92
57
What is the solution for the division problem 70/9?
Approximately 7.78
58
What is the solution for the division problem 141/21?
Approximately 6.71
59
What is the solution for the division problem 345/45?
7.67
60
How do you multiply 8 by 5 using the CRP-1?
Place 8 on the outer scale above the 1 and locate 5 on the inner scale to read 40
61
What is the solution for the multiplication problem 62 × 3.5?
216
62
What is the solution for the multiplication problem 57 × 3?
171
63
What is the solution for the multiplication problem 14.4 × 30?
432
###
Steps to Multiply 14.4 × 30 on the CRP-1:
1. Set 10 on the inner (rotating) scale to line up with 14.4 on the outer (fixed) scale.
• This effectively sets your base number (14.4) as the multiplier.
2. Find 30 on the inner scale.
• You’re now locating the second number in your multiplication on the same inner scale.
3. Read the number directly above 30 on the outer scale.
• That number is your answer.
64
What is the solution for the multiplication problem 6 × 22?
132
65
What is the solution for the multiplication problem 411 × 13?
5343
66
What shape is the earth described as?
Oblate spheroid
## Footnote
The oblate spheroid shape indicates that the earth is slightly flattened at the poles and bulging at the equator.
67
In which direction does the earth rotate when viewed from above?
Anti-clockwise
## Footnote
The earth rotates in an anti-clockwise direction when viewed from the North Pole.
68
Is 135° a cardinal or inter-cardinal direction?
Inter-cardinal
## Footnote
Inter-cardinal directions are those that fall between the cardinal directions (North, East, South, West).
69
What is the highest parallel of latitude?
90°
## Footnote
90° latitude corresponds to the North and South Poles.
70
What is the highest meridian of longitude?
180°
## Footnote
The 180° meridian is known as the International Date Line.
71
Is the 43° N parallel of latitude a great circle?
No
## Footnote
Only the equator is a great circle; all other parallels of latitude are small circles.
72
What is the definition of a rhumb line?
A line that crosses all meridians at the same angle
## Footnote
Rhumb lines are used primarily for navigation under 1000nm
73
Are rhumb lines used for short or long distances?
Short distances
## Footnote
Rhumb lines provide a constant compass direction, making them useful for short distance navigation
74
When 90 is on the outer scale and set above 30 on the inner scale, what fraction value is established?
3
## Footnote
The relationship between the scales allows for the calculation of fractions.
75
If 85 were multiplied by 5, what can be expected about the answer?
In the 100s
## Footnote
Mental estimation helps in predicting the range of the answer before calculation.
76
What is the result of 45 x 12 when positioned on the navigation computer?
6
## Footnote
This demonstrates how to read values directly from the navigation computer rather than calculating each step.
77
What is the result of 60 x 50 when using the outer scale above 30?
100
## Footnote
The navigation computer allows for direct reading of answers based on the scales.
78
What does A x C = D signify in navigation calculations?
Place A over B, then look over C
## Footnote
This formula indicates a method for performing calculations using the navigation computer.
79
What is the conversion factor from nautical miles to kilometres?
1 nm = 1.852 km
80
What is the conversion factor from nautical miles to statute miles?
1 nm = 1.15 sm
81
Before using a navigation computer, what should be estimated regarding distance conversions?
The size of answers before using a navigation computer
82
When converting 200 m into km, what can be estimated about the answer?
It will be something less than 400 km
83
What must be done with the inner scale of a navigation computer for distance conversion?
It must be turned until the required value has been aligned against the nm, km or sm marking
84
What is the main unit used to measure speed in aviation?
Knot
85
How is speed defined in relation to distance and time?
Speed = Distance / Time
86
What is the relationship between speed in knots and nautical miles?
Speed in knots is the number of nautical miles travelled in 60 minutes
87
If an aircraft is travelling at 100 knots, how far does it travel in 60 minutes?
100 nm
88
In a navigation computer, where is time always located?
On the inside (the inner scale)
89
How must measurements be read on a VNC for accurate distance measurement in nautical miles?
Measurements must be rounded to the nearest 0.25 nm
90
On a 1:250,000 scale chart, how should a distance of 40.25 nm be read?
If the distance lies between 40 and 40.5 nm
91
What must be done to a track line drawn on a chart for accurate distance measurement?
It must be drawn perfectly straight
92
What is the formula for calculating distance using speed and time?
Distance = Time x Speed
93
What should be done when the distance lies exactly halfway between two nm values on a chart?
It must be read as the average of the two values
94
True or False: The speed in knots is calculated by dividing distance by time.
False
95
Fill in the blank: To convert between different units of distance, one must be aware of the relationships between _______.
[nautical miles, kilometres, statute miles]
96
What is the fuel consumption rate for an aircraft if it consumes 50 litres of fuel per hour?
50 litres every 60 minutes
97
How is the fuel consumption rate set on the scales?
The fuel consumption rate is set on the outer scale over the time on the inner scale
98
How much reserve fuel must an aeroplane carry for a flight during the day?
30 minutes worth of reserve fuel
99
How much reserve fuel must an aeroplane carry for a flight during the night?
45 minutes worth of reserve fuel
100
When calculating minimum fuel required for a flight, what must be added?
Reserve fuel to the calculated flight time
101
What is the assumption for reserve fuel if specific information is absent?
20 minutes for helicopters and 30 minutes for aeroplanes
102
What does 'endurance' refer to in aviation?
The period of time for which the engine(s) can remain operational
103
What is unusable fuel?
Fuel that cannot be used, stored at the bottom of the fuel tanks
104
How is maximum endurance calculated?
Using usable fuel and the fuel consumption rate
105
What is safe endurance?
Maximum endurance minus the required reserve fuel
106
What is the reserve fuel assumption for aeroplanes in the absence of specific information?
30 minutes
107
Fill in the blank: Maximum endurance is calculated using the _______ fuel quantity.
usable
108
True or False: Safe endurance is the same as maximum endurance.
False
109
What are the commonly used units of volume for fuel?
Litres (trs), US Gallons (US G), Imperial Gallons (Imp. G)
## Footnote
These units are essential for measuring fuel quantities.
110
What are the commonly used units of weight for fuel?
Kilograms (kgs), Pounds (Ibs)
## Footnote
These units are used to express the weight of fuel.
111
How much does one litre of AVGAS weigh?
720 grams
## Footnote
This weight is crucial for conversions between volume and weight.
112
What is the specific gravity (Sp. G) of AVGAS?
0.72
## Footnote
This value is used for converting fuel volume to weight and vice versa.
113
When using the Ibs or kgs scale, what must be aligned against 0.72 on a navigation computer?
The inner scale
## Footnote
This alignment is necessary for accurate conversions.
114
What must be done on the navigation computer to read converted values of fuel?
The inner scale must be turned until the required value is aligned against the relevant fuel unit marking
## Footnote
Proper alignment ensures accurate readings.
115
What is the conversion relationship between litres and US gallons for AVGAS?
1 US gallon =3.785 litres
## Footnote
This relationship is part of the fuel conversion process.
116
What is the conversion relationship between litres and Imperial gallons for AVGAS?
1 Imperial gallon =4.546 litres
## Footnote
Understanding these conversions is key for fuel management.
117
Fill in the blank: One litre of AVGAS weighs _____ grams.
720
## Footnote
This is a critical figure for fuel weight calculations.
118
True or False: The inner scale of a navigation computer must be read against 0.72 when converting units of volume into units of weight.
True
## Footnote
This is necessary for accurate fuel conversions.
119
What action should be taken after aligning the inner scale on the navigation computer?
Read the converted values against the relevant markings
## Footnote
This step is crucial for obtaining the correct fuel measurements.
120
What does 'Indicated Airspeed (IAS)' refer to?
The speed of the aircraft through the air, as indicated by the airspeed indicator.
## Footnote
IAS reflects the aircraft's experience but is not the 'actual' or 'true' speed due to various errors.
121
What is 'Calibrated Airspeed (CAS)'?
Indicated airspeed corrected for errors from the pitot head and static vents, as well as wear of the airspeed indicator.
## Footnote
The difference between IAS and CAS is often minor.
122
What does 'Equivalent Airspeed (EAS)' account for?
Calibrated airspeed corrected for errors from the compression of air at speeds above 250 knots.
## Footnote
Differences between calibrated and equivalent airspeed are insignificant at speeds below 250 knots.
123
Define 'True Airspeed (TAS)'
Equivalent airspeed corrected for changes in air density, considered the 'actual' speed of the aircraft through the air.
## Footnote
TAS is the final calculated value after all corrections.
124
How does air density affect IAS/CAS and TAS?
As altitude increases and air density decreases, at a constant IAS/CAS, the TAS will increase.
## Footnote
This is due to less resistance to forward motion in thinner air.
125
What is required for IAS/CAS to TAS conversions?
Pressure altitude and Outside Air Temperature (OAT) at that altitude.
## Footnote
These values allow the alignment of temperature with pressure altitude on a navigation computer.
126
What is the difference between TAS and ground speed?
The difference is caused by wind; TAS does not equal ground speed unless there is no wind.
## Footnote
Headwind, tailwind, and crosswind can affect the relationship between TAS and ground speed.
127
What is a headwind?
Wind blowing towards the aircraft.
## Footnote
It reduces the aircraft's ground speed.
128
What is a tailwind?
Wind blowing in the same direction as the aircraft's travel.
## Footnote
It increases the aircraft's ground speed.
129
What is a crosswind?
Wind blowing at approximately 90° to the aircraft's track.
## Footnote
Crosswinds can affect landing and takeoff performance.
130
131
What is the track required (TR)?
The path across the ground that the pilot intends to fly, represented by a straight line drawn between two points on a chart.
132
Define aircraft heading (HDG).
The orientation of an aircraft's fore/aft axis or the direction in which the nose is pointing.
133
How does wind affect the heading and track required?
In most cases, the wind requires the heading to be different from the track required to avoid being blown off-track.
134
What is the track made good (TMG)?
The actual path of the aircraft across the ground.
135
What is drift in aviation?
The angular difference between heading and track, caused by wind.
136
What is the difference between planned drift and actual drift?
Planned drift is the difference between heading and TR, while actual drift is the difference between heading and TMG.
137
What does left drift indicate?
The aircraft is being blown to its left.
138
What does groundspeed (G/S) refer to?
The speed of the aircraft over the ground, obtained by correcting TAS for headwind or tailwind.
139
How is groundspeed affected by wind?
G/S will be lower than TAS when flying into a headwind and higher when flying with a tailwind.
140
What distinguishes speed from velocity?
Speed is a scalar quantity (magnitude only), while velocity is a vector quantity (magnitude and direction).
141
What is the triangle of velocities? WTH
A combination of three vectors affecting an aircraft in flight, illustrating the relationship between HDG, TAS, and wind velocity.
142
In wind terminology, how is wind direction expressed?
Wind direction is referred to in terms of its origin, not its direction of travel.
143
What is the significance of wind velocity in flight planning?
It must be considered when planning a flight to accurately calculate drift and groundspeed.
144
True or False: The shortest vector in the triangle of velocities is generally the track required.
False.
145
What should be done before performing drift and groundspeed calculations?
Draw a simple diagram orientated in the correct sense.
146
What is the first step to calculate the aircraft's drift and groundspeed?
Set the wind direction under the index
## Footnote
This is crucial for determining how the wind affects the aircraft's flight path.
147
Drift: In step 2, where should the grommet be set?
On 100 kts (the bold black arc below 100)
## Footnote
This represents the true airspeed (TAS) of the aircraft.
148
Drift: What does marking a wind dot represent in step 3?
Wind strength
## Footnote
The wind dot is marked by counting up from the grommet.
149
Drift: What is the purpose of setting the track required under the index in step 4?
To align the aircraft's intended flight path with wind conditions
## Footnote
This ensures accurate calculations for drift and groundspeed.
150
Drift: In step 5, what should be done with the wind dot?
Slide the card to position the wind dot over the TAS arc
## Footnote
This aligns the wind effect with the aircraft's speed.
151
Drift: What do you read under the grommet in step 6?
Groundspeed
## Footnote
This indicates the actual speed of the aircraft over the ground.
152
Drift: What should be read under the wind dot in step 7?
Drift
## Footnote
Use the vertical lines on either side of the centre line to determine the drift direction.
153
Drift: What does a wind dot left of the centre line indicate?
Right drift
## Footnote
Conversely, a dot right of the centre line indicates left drift.
154
Drift: What is the final step after determining drift in step 8?
Apply the drift to the track required to calculate the heading
## Footnote
This final adjustment ensures the aircraft maintains its intended course.
155
What does LD-HH stand for?
Left Drift Heading High
156
What is observed when experiencing left drift?
The heading will always be higher than the track
157
What happens when experiencing right drift?
The heading will always be lower than the track
158
In the context of drift, what is the relationship between heading and track during left drift?
Heading is higher than track
159
In the context of drift, what is the relationship between heading and track during right drift?
Heading is lower than track
160
What is the significance of understanding left and right drift in navigation?
It helps in correcting course based on heading and track relationships
161
What is the reciprocal of a track?
The opposite direction to the track.
162
If the track required from A to B is 000°T, what is the reciprocal track from B to A?
180°T.
163
How can the reciprocal of a track be obtained for tracks less than 180°?
By adding 180° to the track.
164
How can the reciprocal of a track be obtained for tracks greater than 180°?
By subtracting 180° from the track.
165
What is the reciprocal of 016°T?
196°T.
166
What is the reciprocal of 240°T?
060°T.
167
Why is the heading needed to fly a track often different from the track required?
Due to wind conditions.
168
When flying a track required of 000°T in easterly conditions, how does the heading differ?
The heading would be more than 000°T.
169
When returning from B to A with a track required of 180°T in the same conditions, how does the heading differ?
The heading would be less than 180°T.
170
Are the two headings of reciprocal tracks reciprocals of each other?
No, they are not reciprocals due to the influence of wind.
171
What is crucial to do before calculating the heading required to fly the reciprocal track?
Draw a simple diagram oriented in the correct sense, including wind velocity.
172
What does the 1 in 60 Rule state?
An angle of 1º subtends a 1 nm line at a distance of 60 nm.
173
How can the 1 in 60 Rule be expressed in a formula?
Calculate deviation from the required track
( 60/Distance Gone ) x Distance Off Track = Track Error
## Footnote
This formula helps calculate deviation from the required track.
174
If an aircraft is 3 nm off track after flying 30 nm, what is the track error?
6°.
175
What formula is used to calculate the closing angle?
( 60 / Distance to Go ) x Distance Off Track = Closing Angle
## Footnote
This formula helps determine the angle needed to correct the course.
176
If the distance to go is 90 nm and the aircraft is 3 nm off track, what is the closing angle?
2°.
177
What is the total correction angle when adding track error and closing angle?
Track Error + Closing Angle = Total Correction.
178
What is the total correction if track error is 6° and closing angle is 2°?
8°.
179
What heading should the aircraft turn to if its original heading was 087°T?
095°T.
180
True or False: A right turn involves a decrease in heading.
False.
181
True or False: 'Distance Gone' and 'Distance To Go' must be measured along the track required.
True.
182
What formula is used to calculate the number of minutes late or early at the destination?
Total Dist./Dist. gone x Minutes Late or Early = Minutes Late or Early at Destination
183
True or False: An aircraft that is 3.5 minutes early at 210 nm will have its ETA moved earlier.
True
184
What is the relative bearing of an airfield from an aircraft?
The angular difference between the heading and the bearing of the airfield
## Footnote
It is expressed in degrees relative (°R).
185
How is relative bearing expressed?
In degrees relative (°R)
## Footnote
It is measured using the nose of the aircraft as the datum.
186
What is the formula for calculating the true bearing of an airfield?
Heading (°T) + Relative Bearing = Bearing (°T)
## Footnote
This formula is used in any calculation involving relative bearings.
187
If an aircraft has a heading of 090°T and a relative bearing of 045°R, what is the true bearing of the airfield?
135°T
## Footnote
Calculation: 090°T + 045°R = 135°T.
188
What happens if the heading used in the formula is in °M?
The calculated bearing of the airfield will also be in °M
## Footnote
This indicates consistent units in the calculation.
189
What does the term 'true heading' refer to?
The actual direction in which the aircraft is pointed
## Footnote
It is denoted in degrees true (°T).
190
What is the relationship between heading and relative bearing?
The sum of the true heading and relative bearing gives the true bearing
## Footnote
This relationship is crucial for navigation.
191
What is the minimum cruising altitude for cross-country flights?
A cruising altitude must not be selected below 3000' AMSL or 1000' AGL, whichever is higher.
192
What factors must be considered when selecting a cruising altitude?
Factors include airspace requirements, weather conditions, and terrain clearance.
193
How is the magnetic track used to determine cruising altitude?
The magnetic track required must be used to determine an appropriate cruising altitude for the flight.
194
What is the altitude rule for tracks between 270° and 089°?
It is referred to as 'North' and odd 1000s of feet +500' must be flown.
195
What is the altitude rule for tracks between 090° and 269°?
It is referred to as 'South' and even 1000s of feet +500' must be flown.
196
What is the lowest usable cruising altitude for a track of 125°M?
The lowest usable cruising altitude is 4500' AMSL.
197
What affects the lowest cruising altitude that can be used?
The elevation of the highest terrain beneath the aircraft.
198
If the highest terrain elevation is 5480' AMSL and flying a track of 285°M, what is the lowest usable cruising altitude?
The lowest usable cruising altitude will be 7500' AMSL.
199
What must not be confused with magnetic direction?
Magnetic must not be confused with true direction, or heading with track.
200
How can true bearings be converted to magnetic bearings?
Bearings in degrees true can be converted to degrees magnetic using variation.
201
What should be considered when planning a route for a flight?
Consider the type of airspace, required clearances, and alternate routes.
202
What impact does airspace or weather have on cruising altitude?
Airspace or weather may require a different altitude from the minimum cruising altitude.
203
Why is it important to study weather forecasts during flight planning?
To build a clear picture of the weather patterns affecting the region on the day.
204
What factors affect local MCT and ECT times?
The time of year and latitude within the country.
205
What is required from training organizations before a cross-country flight?
A detailed flight log must be prepared.
206
What is the benefit of performing preparatory work on the ground before a flight?
It lowers the workload during the flight, increasing safety and the likelihood of a successful outcome.
207
What is a part of the preparation process when using paper maps for a cross-country flight?
Folding them to allow easy use without cluttering the cockpit.
208
What can modern electronic devices do regarding map usage during flight?
Eliminate the problems associated with unfolding maps during flight.
209
What does ROC stand for in aviation?
Rate of Climb
210
What does ROD stand for in aviation?
Rate of Descent
211
How is the time taken for a climb or descent calculated?
By dividing the altitude to be gained or lost by the ROC or ROD
212
If an aeroplane is descending at a ROD of 600 fpm from 17000' to 8000', how long will it take?
15 minutes
213
What is the formula to calculate the distance covered during a climb or descent?
Required gains or loss (in feet) / Time (minutes) = ROC or ROD in FPM/1(10)
214
If an aeroplane is descending for 15 minutes at a groundspeed of 140 kts, what distance does it cover?
35 nautical miles
215
What do the terms TOC and TOD refer to?
Top of Climb and Top of Descent
216
What instrument provides a direct indication of ROC or ROD to the pilot?
Vertical Speed Indicator (VSI)
217
How can the required ROC or ROD be calculated if the altitude gain or loss and time are known?
By dividing the required altitude gain or loss by the time spent in the climb or descent
218
What ROC is required for an aeroplane to climb 3000 feet in 10 minutes?
300 fpm
219
What ROD is required for a helicopter to descend 5000 feet in 20 minutes?
250 fpm
220
Fill in the blank: Required gain or loss (in feet) = ROC or ROD (in fpm) × _______.
Time (in minutes)
221
How are runways named?
Runways are given a two-figure numerical name based on their magnetic direction, with the last number removed.
222
What is the runway direction for RWY 07 at Rangiora Airfield?
070°M
223
What is the reciprocal runway for RWY 07?
RWY 25 with a direction of 250°M.
224
How is the runway direction rounded if not a multiple of ten?
It is rounded to the nearest magnetic direction ending with O.
225
What is the runway direction for RWY 30 at Omaka Airfield?
297°M
226
What is the reciprocal runway for RWY 30?
RWY 12 with a direction of 117°M.
227
Where can the aerodrome charts for all aerodromes in New Zealand be found?
In the AIP Volume 4.
228
What must be selected first to understand how wind velocity affects an aircraft?
The runway that is most into wind.
229
Why is it important to ensure the wind direction is in °M?
Because the runway direction is in °M, and ATC provides wind information in °M.
230
What units are used for wind information from weather forecasts and reports?
°T
231
Fill in the blank: To set the wind direction, you need to set the wind direction under the _______.
index
232
What should you set the grommet on when calculating wind components?
0 kts (not 100 kts)
233
Wind: What does the wind dot represent?
Wind strength
234
Wind: How do you read the headwind component?
Straight down from the horizontal datum of 0 kts.
235
Wind: How do you read the crosswind component?
Sideways from the vertical datum of 0 kts.
236
True or False: The headwind and crosswind components will always add up to the total wind strength.
False
237
What happens if an incorrect runway with a tailwind component is selected?
The wind dot will move off the rectangular grid and end up above the horizontal datum.
238
What should be done if the wind dot moves off the grid?
Re-calculate the components using the reciprocal runway.
239
What is the purpose of calculating the wind in flight?
To determine the difference between forecast wind and actual wind experienced
## Footnote
This is necessary when accurate updated information is not available.
240
What variables are used to calculate the wind velocity affecting an aircraft?
The following variables can be used:
* Heading
* Track made good
* Drift
* Groundspeed
* True Airspeed (TAS)
Or TO HAVE a DAMN GOOD TIME
## Footnote
These variables allow for a reverse calculation of drift and groundspeed.
241
What does the letter 'D' represent in the context of wind calculation?
Drift, the angular difference between HDG and TMG
## Footnote
HDG stands for Heading and TMG stands for Track Made Good.
242
What does 'G' represent in the wind calculation process?
Groundspeed (G/S)
## Footnote
Groundspeed is the speed of the aircraft relative to the ground.
243
What does 'T' represent in the wind calculation process?
True Airspeed (TAS)
## Footnote
TAS is the speed of the aircraft relative to the surrounding air.
244
Fill in the blank: The first T in the calculation is _______.
TMG
## Footnote
TMG stands for Track Made Good.
245
What is the first step in the wind calculation setting process?
Set the track made good under the index
## Footnote
This establishes the baseline for further calculations.
246
What is the second step in the wind calculation setting process?
Set the grommet on the groundspeed arc
## Footnote
This allows for the integration of groundspeed into the calculation.
247
Winds Aloft: What is marked at the intersection of the TAS arc and the drift line?
A wind dot
## Footnote
This indicates the wind's influence on the aircraft's flight path.
248
Winds Aloft: What should be done after marking the wind dot?
Place the wind dot directly above the grommet on the centre line
## Footnote
This aligns the wind dot with the calculated groundspeed.
249
What is the final step in the wind reading process?
Read the wind strength between the grommet and the wind dot
## Footnote
This provides the strength of the wind affecting the flight.
250
What is magnetic dip?
The angle at which a magnet dips down toward the surface of the earth, increasing away from the equator.
## Footnote
Magnetic dip affects the alignment of magnetic pointing devices like compasses, depending on their location relative to the equator.
251
What is the purpose of GPS in a VFR context?
To be used only as a supplement to dead reckoning (visual) navigation techniques.
## Footnote
Pilots should not rely solely on GPS for navigation.
252
What complications may arise from using GPS?
Distraction from data input and reading screens, and accuracy issues due to data input and GPS RAIM outages.
## Footnote
GPS accuracy can be affected by the recency of the database.
253
What is PSR?
Primary Surveillance Radar, a ground-based device that sends out a radio signal in all directions to detect aircraft.
## Footnote
PSR can only provide updates on aircraft position.
254
How does SSR differ from PSR?
SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar) requires an onboard transponder to send a reply to an 'interrogation' signal, while PSR does not.
## Footnote
SSR can provide more information, including altitude, if the transponder is set to Mode C.
255
What is SARTIME?
The time at which search and rescue will be initiated if the aircraft has not been heard from.
## Footnote
Pilots must update ATS before this time lapses, barring emergencies.
256
What does GNSS stand for?
Global Navigation Satellite System.
## Footnote
GNSS includes all satellite navigation systems, with GPS being the primary one used in New Zealand.
257
What are the two types of radar devices mentioned?
* PSR (Primary Surveillance Radar)
* SSR (Secondary Surveillance Radar)
## Footnote
Each type has different capabilities and requirements for detecting aircraft.
258
What is the primary satellite navigation system used in New Zealand?
GPS (Global Positioning System).
## Footnote
GPS is owned by the United States Department of Defence and is used with caution in New Zealand airspace.
259
True or False: VFR aircraft generally rely on radar services for navigation.
False.
## Footnote
VFR aircraft should ideally navigate without radar services, using good flight planning.
260
What should pilots do in emergency situations regarding navigation?
Contact the controller of the controlled airspace for navigational assistance.
## Footnote
Controllers may assist pilots with restrictions.
261
What is receiver error in regards to GPS systems?
The difficulty of the receiver in precisely matching the internal pseudo-random code with that of the satellite.
## Footnote
Receiver error can be caused by various factors including atmospheric conditions and multipath effects.
262
Calculate the maximum permissible baggage that can be loaded onto an aircraft given the following: Aircraft Maximum Takeoff Weight: 3600 lb, Total Usable Fuel: 450 litres, Weight of Pilots: 340 lb, Aircraft Standard Empty Weight: 2010 lb.
539 lb.
## Footnote
To calculate permissible baggage, subtract the total weight of the fuel, pilots, and standard empty weight from the maximum takeoff weight.
263
What is compass direction?
Direction with reference to compass north.
## Footnote
Compass direction is different from true north and is influenced by magnetic declination.
264
Which statement is NOT true regarding the use of traffic information provided by radar services?
Traffic information from radar absolves the pilot in command from their duty to 'see and avoid'.
## Footnote
The pilot in command is still responsible for maintaining situational awareness.
265
It is usually good fuel management practice to check fuel remaining at least every _______.
30 minutes.
## Footnote
Regular fuel checks help ensure safe operation and prevent fuel exhaustion.
266
What are parallels of latitude?
Small circles that are at right angles to the axis of rotation including the equator.
## Footnote
Parallels of latitude are used in navigation and mapping to indicate geographic positions.
