Cards Flashcards
1
Q
Describe the affect of Windshear on take off and landing?
A
Causes fluctuations in IAS.
Decrease in IAS creates sink,
an increase creates float,
If you were flying into a headwind, and then it suddenly changed into a tailwind, your IAS would decrease.
You would lose altitude until you made adjustments.
2
Q
Describe what happens to the centre of pressure as the Angle of Attack is increased to maintain lift?
A
The lift envelope is modified forward until the critical angle of attack, where it rapidly moves to rearward.
3
Q
Where does lift act from?
A
Centre of pressure
4
Q
Describe an ideal fluid?
A
No viscosity, incompressible. Above 250kts it begins to compress
5
Q
Describe Bernoulli’s Theorem
A
In a streamlined flow of an ideal fluid or gas (one that is not viscous), the sum of all energy of position, the energy of motion, and the energy, will remain constant
6
Q
Lift Formula
A
Lift = CL 1/2pv2 S
7
Q
What is dynamic pressure? Formula terms
A
Equates to IAS. 1/2pv2
8
Q
What is the camber and angle of attack? Lift formula
A
CL
9
Q
Atmospheric Table
A
TIDD
PDDD
HIDD
HIDD
Temp+, Density-
Pressure-, Density-
Humidity+, Density-
Height+, Density-
Density decreases when all but pressure increases, where in that case, when pressure decreases so too does density. Pressure is the only factor that decreases density when it too decreases. Everything else is opposite.
10
Q
Describe the effect of climb on the carburettor?
A
Air density decreases with altitude so as we climb, less air is drawn through the carb into the cylinders. Regardless of altitude, pistons try to draw a full charge of fuel/air into the cylinders.
11
Q
Describe what happens to the fuel mixture at a higher altitude?
A
As air supply decreases, a disproportionate amount of fuel is drawn into the cylinders. Simply, the mixture becomes enriched.
12
Q
What power setting delivers an excessively rich mixture?
A
Full throttle
13
Q
What happens when the mixture control is retarded?
A
A partial leaning of the mixture occurs. If retarded all the way, the flow of fuel to the carburettor will be stopped.
14
Q
List the causes of detonation
A
Prolonged use of high power
Incurred use of high manifold pressure
Mixture too lean
Incorrect use of carb heat
Engine overheating
Using incorrect grades of fuel
15
Q
Symptoms of detonation
A
Significant or severe vibration and rough running
Loss of power
Rapid rise in cylinder head temperatures
Destruction of component parts
16
Q
What does extra fuel help with in the engine, considering a fully enriched mixture?
A
Cooling
17
Q
Fuel Grades and Types
Specify the colour and equipment colour
A
18
Q
Describe the weak, optimal and overly rich mixture ratios?
A
Weak: 15:1 to 20:1
Optimal: 13:1
Overly rich: 8:1 to 10:1
19
Q
Effects of a weak mixture
A
Overheating
Rough running
Loss of power
Detonation
Pre ignition
20
Q
Effects of an overly rich mixture
A
Rough running
Loss of power
Excessive fuel consumption
Black smoke
21
Q
If your fuel type is unavailable, what is the correct fuel type to use? Why is this important?
A
A grade higher than your grade. Don’t use a lower grade. This can cause detonation.
22
Q
Describe action steps to take if rough running occurs
A
When experiencing rough running in a Cessna 172, follow these steps to diagnose and address the issue:
-
Check Magnetos:
- Switch between left and right magnetos to see if one is causing the problem.
- Run on both magnetos if one is noticeably rougher.
-
Adjust Mixture:
- Lean the mixture if the engine is running too rich (high density altitude).
- Enrich the mixture if the engine is running too lean.
-
Carburetor Heat:
- Apply carburetor heat to check for ice or frost blockage. If the engine runs better after applying carb heat, there may have been ice in the carburetor.
-
Throttle Adjustment:
- Adjust the throttle slightly to see if the roughness changes with RPM variations.
-
Fuel Selector:
- Ensure the fuel selector is set to BOTH tanks.
-
Fuel Quantity and Quality:
- Check fuel quantity in both tanks.
- Ensure fuel caps are secure.
- Ensure fuel is free from water and contaminants.
-
Check Engine Gauges:
- Verify all engine gauges (oil pressure, temperature, etc.) are in the normal range.
-
Spark Plugs:
- Consider fouled spark plugs, especially if the engine was idling for a long time.
-
Examine Air Intake and Filters:
- Ensure the air intake is clear.
- Check air filters for blockages.
-
Maintenance Issues:
- After landing, consult a mechanic to check for more in-depth issues, such as valve problems or cylinder compression issues.
If the rough running persists despite these checks, consider landing at the nearest suitable airport and consulting a mechanic before continuing the flight. Safety should always be the primary concern.
23
Q
What are the two major parts of an altimeter?
A
An airtight case
An aneroid capsule
24
Q
What does the altimeter do?
A
Indicates the height of the aircraft with reference to a datum or pressure level.
25
What does the altimeter do?
Indicates the height of the aircraft with reference to a datum or pressure level.
26
How does the altimeter read?
Static pressure is fed into the altimeters airtight case. One side of an evacuated capsule is attached to the case of the instrument. The capsule is evacuated as fully as possible to help avoid back pressure when the capsule contracts. A spring holds the capsule in tension to help the expansion of the capsule as pressure reduces in the case.
27
Relationship of climbing and descending on the altimeter?
Climb= static pressure in the case decreases allowing the capsule to expand
Descends= static pressure increases causing the capsule to contract
28
When on the ground, when ISA deviation occurs, what will happen to the altimeter?
It will show a change in altitude on the altimeter. We can adjust the altimeter to give the correct reading above a certain datum (usually sea level).
29
Describe magnetic dip
Consider the poles
At the poles, the magnetic field is vertical; at the equator, it is horizontal to the earths surface. In between, the magnetic field cuts the earths surface at different angles. Because of this, the earths magnetic field at any point can be expressed as a horizontal (H) and vertical (Z) component.
30
Describe magnetic dip angle
Centre of gravity, point of suspension, weights
Magnetic dip angle is the angle between the horizontal and vertical component. To maximise the horizontal component of flux, the compass has a high point of suspension and a low centre of gravity. To account for the vertical component, a weight is used, thus the angle of dip (dipping effect due to the Z component of the earths magnetic field) is reduced.
31
What is the remaining dip in magnetic dip?
It is known as residual dip
32
Describe what an AHRS (Altitude and Heading Reference System) is
It’s a solid state, 3 axis system that provides heading, attitude and yaw information for aircraft.
It replaces traditional group of mechanical gyroscopic flight instruments and it provides superior reliability and accuracy.
33
Describe Vibrating Structure Gyroscopes
Also known as MEMS (micro electro mechanical systems) gyroscopes. At a reasonable cost, they are small, light units designed to perform with better accuracy and durability than traditional gyroscopes with rotors and bearings. As such, they are ideally suited for use in an EFIS (Electronic Flight Instrument System)
34
Describe the effects of flaps on lift
Lowering the flaps produces an increase in.
35
Explain the requirement for balancing of controls
By applying a weight to the front of the hinge of the control, the moment of the weight in front of the hinge balances the moment of the weight of the actual control behind the hinge.
36
Describe flutter
Flutter is an unstable vibration/oscillation of a control surface and the control surface structure.
37
Describe a balance tab
Completing or partially balance the aerodynamic load on the control surfaces, thus reducing the control wheel force (i.e assisting the pilot).
It is not controlled by the pilot, but the table angle is changed automatically whenever the main control surface is moved.
38
CP Movement for Symmetrical Aerofoils
A symmetrical aerofoil has identical upper and lower surfaces.
In a symmetrical aerofoil, the CP remains relatively constant with changes in the angle of attack. It typically stays near the aerodynamic center, which is around the quarter-chord point (25% of the chord length from the leading edge).
Because the lift generated is symmetrical about the chord line, the CP does not shift significantly with changes in angle of attack. This makes symmetrical aerofoils more predictable in terms of stability.
39
CP Movement of Non Symmetrical Aerofoils
A non-symmetrical or cambered aerofoil has a curved upper surface and a flatter lower surface.
In a non-symmetrical aerofoil, the CP shifts more noticeably with changes in the angle of attack. At low angles of attack, the CP is further forward, but as the angle of attack increases, the CP moves rearward.
The CP movement is more pronounced because the lift is not symmetrical about the chord line. As the angle of attack increases, the changing pressure distribution causes the CP to shift, impacting stability and control.
40
Define Static and Dynamic Pressure
- **Static Pressure (Ps)**: The pressure exerted by a fluid at rest or the pressure of the fluid's environment.
- **Dynamic Pressure (Pd)**: The pressure associated with the fluid's motion, calculated half rho v2, where rho is the fluid density and v is the fluid velocity.
41
Describe the effect of an increase in airflow on Static & Dynamic Pressure
1. **Static Pressure (Ps)**:
- Decreases.
- As the airflow speed increases, the kinetic energy of the air particles increases, leading to a decrease in static pressure according to Bernoulli's principle.
2. **Dynamic Pressure (Pd)**:
- Increases.
- Dynamic pressure is directly proportional to the square of the velocity. Hence, as the speed of airflow increases, the dynamic pressure increases significantly.
42
Describe the effect of a decrease in airflow on Static and Dynamic Pressure
1. **Static Pressure (Ps)**:
- Increases.
- As the airflow speed decreases, the kinetic energy of the air particles decreases, causing an increase in static pressure.
2. **Dynamic Pressure (Pd)**:
- Decreases.
- With a decrease in airflow speed, the dynamic pressure, being proportional to the square of the velocity, decreases.
43
Imagine an Aerofoil. Describe airflow over the aerofoil.
- At point A (leading edge), air splits, flowing over and under the aerofoil.
- At point B (upper surface), airflow speeds up, static pressure decreases, and dynamic pressure increases.
- At point C (lower surface), airflow is slower, static pressure increases, and dynamic pressure decreases.
44
Describe the forces for load on aircraft wings
In flight: Lift
Hard landing: Force down
45
Describe the effect of compression on the braces of a wing for a High Wing and Low Wing aircraft
High Wing: the aircraft is trying to stretch the braces and; shock is transmitted through the braces to the wing structure on a hard landing.
Low wing: the aircraft is trying to fold the braces against the strut and; shock is transmitted through the braces to the fuselage
46
Compression/Tension on High Wings and Low Wings
HW:
In flight: tension
LW:
In flight: compression
Opposite for hard landings
47
What creates Proeller slipstream? Power or airspeed?
Power
48
What improves the effects of ALL controls?
Increasing airspeed
49
Increasing power increases ___ and ___ effectiveness
Rudder
Elevator
50
If the engine is overheating on the ground, what action should you take?
Run the engine at the specified RMP
51
What happens to the gyroscopic instruments if the vacuum is reduced below limits?
Turn indicator: Under-read in a turn due to the reduced gyroscopic rigidity at the lower RPM
52
Pseudo Random Codes determine the __ of a __ satellite
RANGE
GNSS
53
Define Moment Arm
The distance between the point at which a force is being applied and the pivot point (fulcrum)
54
What is the function of the idle jet in a carburettor?
Provide extra fuel at low RPM when the main jet fuel becomes unreliable
55
How many satellites does the GPS system generally consist of?
24 or more with 3 operational spares
56
GPS positions relate to maps and charts drawn to which global datum?
WGS 84
57
Define Lateral Axis
Around what centre
And what aircraft movement
Wing tip to wing tip along the CofG which aircraft pitches around
58
Define Basic Empty Weight [of aircraft]
Airframe, engines, full oil, unusable fuel and fitted equipment
59
What information does the Air Data Computer take?
Static pressure
Pitot pressure
Air temp from the TAT head or OAT probe
Angle of attack from the AOA probe (if required)
60
What occurs with instruments when there is no suction OR electricity? (gyroscopic instruments)
Topple and a flag will show.
61
Define Plane of Rotation (prop)
The rotational velocity of the blade section
62
Define Angle of Attack
The angle between relative airflow and the chord line
63
Define Blade Angle (prop)
The angle between plane of rotation and chord line
64
Define Helix Angle (prop)
The angle between plane of rotation and relative airflow
65
Symptoms of pre-ignition
Rough running
Loss of power
Overheating
66
What is pre-ignition?
The fuel/air charge that has just been drawn into the cylinder and is being compressed, then ignited, before the spark occurs.
There has to be something red hot inside the cylinder.
67
Calculate Pressure Altitude
e = Elevation
q = QNH
p = pressure altitude
q1 - q2 = x hPa
x hPa x 30ft = x ft
e -/+ x ft = pressure altitude
68
If QNH is lower than ISA (1013 hPa), then the pressure altitude is _____ than elevation and the aircraft will perform as though it were at a _____ altitude. (performance ______)
Higher
Higher
Decreases
69
Calculate Density Altitude
E = elevation
Q = QNH
P = Pressure altitude
T = Temperature deviation
D = Density Altitude
Calculate ISA temperature deviation
Isa deviation = 15 degrees - (2 x pressure altitude to nearest 500ft/1000)
Isa dev temp * 120 ft / 1 degree of temperature deviation = x
Density altitude = pressure altitude + x
70
Density Altitude Fast Formulas
71
Describe a Monocoque Airframe
Skin carried all forces and stresses during the flight without assistance from reinforcing members.
72
Describe a semi-monocoque airframe
Reinforced with bulkheads, rings, stringers. Strong and rigid fabrication. Stressed metal skin adds strength and carried a large % of the load.
73
Formula for Moment
Weight x Arm = Moment
74
Define Station (STA)
Position relative to the datum from which it is being measured
75
What can destroy a fabric covered airframe?
Constant exposure to heat and moisture over time
76
What to look for in a preflight of aluminium airframes?
Corrosion
Bubbling or flecking of paint
77
Risks of composite aircraft?
Can crack easily on impact
78
Give the benefit of a finer Propellor pitch during takeoff?
Finer pitch gives a higher RPM and improves takeoff performance
79
What tool sensed direction of the earths magnetic field? Tip: it’s in the compass
A magnetometer
80
Does a compass lead or lag in the southern hemisphere?
Lags
81
How many degrees per second in a rate 1 turn?
3
82
When does pre-ignition occur?
Before the spark plug provides a spark plug
83
When does detonation occur?
After the spark
84
What is Joshua’s mnemonic for detonation and pre ignition?
Detonation after the spark - think fireworks and explosions!
Pre ignition before the spark plug provided a spark, because we’re just getting ready!
85
What is Joshua’s mnemonic for detonation and pre ignition?
Detonation after the spark - think fireworks and explosions!
Pre ignition before the spark plug provided a spark, because we’re just getting ready!
86
Why does the an aircraft have two magnetos?
Generates more efficient combustion and as a backup in case of failure during flight
87
List the four functions of engine oil
Lubricate
Cool
Clean
Seal
88
What happens to the flow of oil if oil pressure is too high?
It flows through the engine too fast
89
Causes of low oil pressure
Insufficient oil
Leaks in the tank or system
Engine bearings in poor condition
Pressure relief valve stuck open
90
Define Maximum All Up Weight
The maximum weight at which the aircraft is allowed to fly. This is AKA Gross Weight
91
Define Zero Fuel Weight
The weight of the aircraft excluding fuel.
92
What are the function of ribs in the empennage?
Provide additional support
93
List what is in the empennage
Stabilizers (H and V)
Elevators
Rudder
94
Define Centripetal force
Inward seeking force
Mass x Velocity2 (v2) / radius
95
Define Streamline Flow
Any airflow following a predictable path without mixing of any air molecules
96
Aircraft Cylinder Configurations
Radial
In-line
Inverted
Horizontally opposed
V arrangement
Rotary
97
What does the internal combustion piston engine consist of?
A cylinder that is closed at one end, a piston that slides up and down inside the cylinder, and a connecting road and crank by which reciprocating movement of the piston is converted to rotary movement of the crankshaft
98
What is the closed end of the cylinder also known as?
The cylinder head
99
What is contained within the cylinder head?
Inlet and exhaust valves and two sparking plugs.
100
Summary of the Induction Stroke (IPPA)
IPPA
Inlet valve open
Piston descends
Pressure lowers
Air and fuel drawn in
101
Summary of the Compression Stroke (PIMPT)
PIMPT
Piston moves upwards
Inlet valve closes
Mixture compressed
Pressure increases and continues to increase while burning
Top dead centre(TDC) and bottom dead centre (BDC)
102
Summarise the Power Stroke
Just before the piston reached TDC on the compression stroke, spark ignited the highly atomised mixture
Flame spreads through the combustion chamber
Intense heat raised the pressure rapidly
10degrees pasted TDC: peak value reached
Pressure falls as piston forced down
103
Summarise the Exhaust Stroke (EPFEC)
EPFEC
Exhaust valve open
Piston ascends forcing out spent gasses
Free flowing as possible
Exhaust valve closed
Cycle begins again
104
What is the Otto Cycle?
Induction
Compression
Power stroke
Exhaust
105
What is the crankcase
Houses the major engine components and also stores oil in some cases
106
What is the camshaft
Operates the inlet and outlet valves and is geared to the crankshaft
107
Describe valve timing
When a valve is nearly closed , not much charge can enter the cylinder, so in order not to waste any part of the induction and exhaust strokes, the valve begins to open earlier and finally close later than expected
Valve lead
Valve lag
108
What happens when the throttle is opened?
A greater amount of mixture is admitted into the intake manifold and then into the combustion chamber
109
Define density
The degree of compactness of a substance
110
What are the two main types of fuel injection systems?
Low pressure / continuous flow systems or indirect injection
High pressure or direct injection systems
111
Advantages of Fuel Injection systems
Freedom from refrigeration icing because of order of components
Uniform delivery of fuel/air mixture to each cylinder
Improved control of fuel-air ratio
Reduced maintenance
Quick response for acceleration
Increased engine efficiency
112
Disadvantages of a fuel injection system
Vapour locks
Need for electric boost pump
Greater suspect ability to contamination
Greater need for awareness of fuel distribution; excess fuel may be returned to one tank
113
What is vapour lock?
Vapor lock happens when the fuel in your fuel lines vaporizes, turning from a liquid to a gas. In other words, your fuel has boiled. When your fuel lines are full of vaporized 100LL, your fuel pump can't get liquid fuel to the injector nozzles, which makes starting your aircraft frustrating, difficult, or impossible.
114
Pressure source for a Fuel Injection system
Injection pump
115
How is fuel discharged in a Continuous flow, fuel injection system?
Directly into the inlet manifold immediately outside the inlet valve port
Regulated by the throttle butterfly valve
116
In a continuous flow system for fuel injection, what does the Venturi do?
Weighs the air, enabling the fuel control unit to discharge the correct amount of fuel into the inlet manifold just prior to the inlet valve, maintaining the correct ratio
117
Describe system components of a Direct Injection System
Fcu
DumP
Discharge
H
Fuel control unit
Delivery pumps
Pump synchroniser
Discharge nozzle in each cylinder
High pressure lines
118
Explain the fuel control unit
Mounted in place of the carb, measures airflow and meters fuel to the injection pumps
The discharge nozzle contains a spring poppet valve which sprays fuel directly into the combustion chamber.
119
What is an Impulse Coupling
The impulse coupling retards and boosts spark
120
What is the function of the impulse coupling?
Usually fitted to the left mag only, used for easier starting
121
Describe how impulse coupling works
When the key is switched to Start, the right magneto is disengaged; the engine starts on left only.
If the engine needs to be hand started the engine should be selected to the left mag only to prevent kick back
122
What type of connection is the impulse coupling?
A mechanical connection
Spring loaded, it winds up as the engine is turned over by the starter before releasing at a given mechanical point
This in effect, retards the ignition timing.
When the spring is released, the magneto spins at a much higher speed, generating a higher voltage to aid starting
123
Why should rapid power changes be avoided in all phases of flight?
Damage to components can occur, reducing the life of the engine
124
What is the most common source of rough running?
Overly rich mixture
125
What is the basic steps to take if rough running occurs?
Lean the mixture until power is restored. If it isn’t restored, consider a precautionary landing or divert to the nearest aerodrome.
126
What do most light aircraft use for their electrical systems? AC or DC
DC
127
What is an ammeter?
An ammeter or load meter alerts the pilot when the generator or alternator is inoperative or malfunctioning
128
What does an ammeter measure?
Electrical current
129
What does a negative indication on an ammeter indicate?
Failing to supply sufficient power - or worse, the alternator has failed altogether
130
What should a pilot avoid using on the ground to preserve battery (prior to start
Pitot heat
Landing and taxi lights
Avionics
Avoid leaving master switch on for a prolonged period of time
131
What happens to the viscosity of oil as it heats up? What then happens to the flow?
It decreases. This then results in an increase in the speed at which it flows through the engine and cooling ability reduced accordingly
132
Describe high viscosity oil
Thick and has a high resistance to flow
133
Describe low viscosity oil
Thin and flows more freely
134
Describe how oil supports with sealing?
Oil helps to maintain a gas tight seal over a wide range of operating temperatures, compensating for the different expansion rates of the piston and cylinder
135
How is oil viscosity measured?
With a viscosimeter.
E.g SAE10: low viscosity
SAE80: high viscosity
136
Impact of using the wrong grade of oil
Poor lubrication
Overheating
Wrong oil pressure
Engine damage
137
Effects of incorrect oil level
Excess: forced through various parts of the engine
Insufficient: begin to overheat
138
What does the combination of low or fluctuating oil pressure combined with a rise in oil temperature, indicate?
A serious problem, land as soon as possible. If oil runs out, the engine will seize.
139
The balance section of the turn indicator (TI) and turn coordinator (TC) respectively utilizes a…
Ball in a glass filled with liquid
140
In a skipping turn, the ball will
Be inside the lower end of the tube (right side)
141
What factors effect the Coefficient of Lift (Cl)
Camber (shape) and angle of attack
142
What is the main disadvantage of a thick aerofoil?
Increased drag is generated as speed is increased
143
What effect does surface area of a wing have on lift?
The greater the surface area, the greater the lift produced
144
Describe the three forces in a glide descent
In a glide, the forces are balanced. But as the engine is providing no thrust, there are only three forces to balance:
- lift
- drag
- weight
145
Describe the effect of flap in a glide descent
State the nose attitude
Increases drag which decreases airspeed.
The nose attitude must be lowered which increases the angle of descent
Range and endurance decreases
146
Wind has no effect on ___.
It has an effect on ____.
Rate of descent
Range
147
Example of headwind vs nil wind vs tailwind on range
148
In a straight and level flight, lift is equal to weight, and the load is said to be ____ G, or ____ times the normal acceleration due to gravity
1
1
149
What is the temperature lapse rate for density altitude?
A 1 degree change in temperature = a 120 ft change in density altitude
150
Newtons First Law
Every object will continue in a state of rest or uniform motion in a straight line unless an external force acts upon it
151
Newtons Second Law
The external force acting on a body is proportional to the product of its mass and the acceleration produced by the force
152
Newtons Third Law
For every action, there is an equal and opposite reaction
153
Force =
Mass x Acceleration
154
Weight =
Mass (m) x Gravity (g)
155
Work =
Force (f) x Distance (d)
156
Power (p) =
Work / Time
157
Speed is a ______ quantity, thus it does not have direction
Scalar
158
The measurement of temperature is, in effect…
A measure of the rate of movement of molecules of the subjects substance
159
An increase in pressure effectively….
Squeezes a given parcel of air thereby reducing its volume, this will increase the number of molecules in a given volume, and increase its density
160
The density of any object is defined as…
Mass per unit volume,
161
As the angle of attack increases, what happens with drag?
It also increases
162
What is the critical / stalling angle?
15 degrees
163
What is the critical / stalling angle?
15 degrees
164
Effect of ice or damage on lifting capability
Airflow over the wing cannot adhere to the wing to remain a laminar flow.
Reduction in production of lift occurs
165
Drag increases at a rate proportional to the ____ of the airspeed
Square
166
The Drag Tree
167
Define Induced drag
Lift dependent drag. Whenever the wings are producing lift, induced drag is also produced
168
Define Parasite Drag
Drag that is not inherent to the production of lift. It is the sum of form drag, skin friction, interference and cooling drag.
169
Define Cooling Drag
Arises from air flowing over radiators, around cylinder, and through cowlings
170
Define interference Drag
The airflow over one surface can upset the flow over the other, Which causes a mixing of the airflows, creating eddies and turbulence
171
Define Profile Drag
Profile drag is a combination of skin friction drag and form drag
172
Define Profile Drag
Profile drag is a combination of skin friction drag and form drag
173
Define Yaw
Yaw is about the vertical axis and is controlled by the rudder
174
Define roll
Roll is about the longitudinal axis and is controlled by the ailerons
175
Effect of flap on approach
The high drag of a fully lowered flap allows the aircraft to have a steeper angle without the speed increasing - it has the effect of an air brake
176
Lift/weight forces are greater than thrust/drag forces by approximately ….
10:1
177
On a power available/power required graph, list the order on the lines of each speed threshold. E.g
Min speed
Endurance speed
Etc
First vertical line: Min speed
2nd: best endurance
3rd: best rate
4th: best range
5th: max airspeed
178
Most efficient angle of attack for most efficiency
4 degrees
179
Most efficient angle of attack for most efficiency
4 degrees
180
Considering the weight of an aircraft, a lighter aircraft will require (less/more) power to fly than a heavy aircraft, and hence a (lower/higher) fuel flow, (decreased/increased) range and (decreased/increased) endurance
Less
Lower
Increased
Increased
181
Why use Best Rate of climb? (Vy)
To achieve the greatest height attained over time
182
Why use Best Angle (during climb)? (Vx)
Best height attained for a given horizontal distance (used for obstacle clearance)
183
Effect of weight in a climb
Automatic increase in rearward component of weight during a climb.
To maintain airspeed, the angle of climb needs to be decreased; therefore there will be a reduction in the rate of climb
184
Effect of altitude on climbing
As we climb, our engine loses power and therefore loses its excess power, which is what our aircraft climbs on.
Therefore, a decrease in climb performance occurs as we increase altitude.
185
Rate One Turn Formula
= (TAS / 10) + 7
Gives the angle of bank
186
Advantages of a fine pitch propeller
Short takeoff run
Good rate of climb
187
Arranges of a coarse pitch prop
Relatively good cruising speed
Low fuel consumption
Less engine wear
188
What are the characteristics of a variable pitch prop?
Blade angle can be altered
Has definite settings
Usually fitted to higher powered engines to better utilise the power available and increase efficiency
Can only be adjusted on the ground
189
What are the characteristics of a variable pitch prop?
Blade angle can be altered
Has definite settings
Usually fitted to higher powered engines to better utilise the power available and increase efficiency
Can only be adjusted on the ground
