Cardiovasular

Question 1

SA and AV nodes are supplied by

Answer 1

RCA

Question 2

what branch of blood vessel supply post 1/3 of interventricular septum, posterior walls of ventricls, and posteromedial papillary muscle?

Answer 2

post. descending interventricular artery (PDA)

Question 3

Rt. common cardinal vein and Rt. ant cardinal vein give rise to what structure in the heart?

Answer 3

superior vena cava (SVC)

Question 4

truncus arteriosus gives rise to

Answer 4

ascending aorta and pulmonary trunk

Question 5

coronary sinus is derived from

Answer 5

Lt. horn of sinus venosus

Question 6

what failure leads to patent foramen ovale?

Answer 6

failure of septum primum and septum secundum to fuse after birth

Question 7

when does the heart tube loops establish Lt. to Rt. polarity?

Answer 7

4 weeks

Question 8

what valves are derived from endocardial cushions of outflow tract?

Answer 8

aortic/pulmonary

Question 9

mitral/tricuspid valves are derived from

Answer 9

fused endocardial cushions of the AV canal

Question 10

what path does most commonly occur in the membranous septum?

Answer 10

ventricular septal defect (VSD)

Question 11

explain the characteristic of VSD murmur

Answer 11

systolic murmur, holosystolic, harsh-sounding murmur, loudest at tricuspid area

Question 12

what 2 septums fuse to form membranous interventricular septum?

Answer 12

1. aorticopulmonary septum

2. muscular ventricular septum

Question 13

what are conotruncal abnormalities? name 3 examples

Answer 13

abnormalities in the outflow tract formation

1. transposition of great vessels
2. tetralology of fallot
3. persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 14

name the sequence of fetal erythropoiesis

Answer 14

1. yolk sac (3-8wk)
2. liver (6 wk - birth)
3. spleen (10-28wk)
4. bone marrow (18 wk to adult)

Young Liver Synthesizes Blood.

Question 15

what hemoglobin is alpha2 gamma2?

Answer 15

fetal hemoglobin (HbF)

Question 16

why does HbF has higher affinity for O2?

Answer 16

due to less avid binding of 2,3 BPG allowing HbF to extract O2 from maternal hemoglobin and across the placenta

Question 17

location of the lowest oxygenation in fetal circulation?

Answer 17

ductus arteriosus, umbilical arteires

Question 18

name of the remnant of ductus arteriosus?

Answer 18

ligamentum arteriosum

Question 19

2 things that keep the PDA open?

Answer 19

prostaglandins E1 and E2

Question 20

benign capillary hemangioma of infancy?

Answer 20

strawbery hemangioma (it blanches)

Question 21

what particular vascular tumor is associated with vinyl chloride (PVC) and arsenic?

Answer 21

hepatic angiosarcoma

Question 22

what vascular tumor is associated with radiation therapy and chronic postmastectomy lymphedema?

Answer 22

angiosarcoma

Question 23

what is the problem with angiosarcoma?

Answer 23

very aggressive and difficult to resect due to delay in diagnosis

Question 24

benign capillary hemangioma of the elderly?

Answer 24

cherry hemangioma

Question 25

does cherry hemangioma regress?

Answer 25

no

Question 26

what is the name of the vascular tumor that is benign, painful, red-blue tumor under fingernails?

Answer 26

glomus tumor

Question 27

where does the glomus tumor come from?

Answer 27

modified smooth muscle cells of the thermoregulatory glomus body

Question 28

what is the most commonly occurred endothelial malignancy?

Answer 28

kaposi sarcoma

Question 29

does kaposi sarcoma blanch?

Answer 29

no, b/c it is not a vascular tumor (blood is not in the blood vessel)

Question 30

does hemangioma blanch?

Answer 30

yes, b/c the blood is in the blood vessel

Question 31

what vascular tumor is associated with trauma and pregnancy?

Answer 31

pyogenic granuloma

Question 32

how is kaposi sarcoma diff from bacillary angiomatosis?

Answer 32

lymphocytic infiltration

Question 33

define aortic dissection

Answer 33

longitudinal intimal tear forming a false lumen (must have pre-existing weakness of the media due to HTN)

Question 34

what are the 2 types of aortic dissection?

Answer 34

1. type A (proximal) –> involves ascending aorta

2. type B (distal) –> involves descending aorta

Question 35

which type of aortic dissection can be treated with surgery?

Answer 35

type A (proximal)

Question 36

treatment for type B AD?

Answer 36

beta blockers then vasodilators

Question 37

what is the consequence of aortic dissection?

Answer 37

rupture –> pericardial tamponade

Question 38

triads of cardiac tamponade?

Answer 38

1. hypotension
2. distended neck veins
3. distant heart sound

Question 39

define pulsus paradoxus

Answer 39

dec in amplitude of systolic BP by more than 10 mmHg during inspiration

Question 40

name all the paths associated with pulsus paradoxus?

Answer 40

cardiac tamponade, asthma, obstructive sleep apnea, pericarditis, croup

Question 41

path associated with lack of aorticopulmonary septum formation?

Answer 41

persistent truncus arteriosus

Question 42

2 paths associated with 22q11 syndromes?

Answer 42

truncus arteriosus, tetralogy of fallot

Question 43

cardio path associated with Williams syndrome?

Answer 43

supravalvular aortic stenosis

Question 44

umbilical vein becomes what?

Answer 44

ligamentum teres hepatis (falciform ligament)

Question 45

what becomes medial umbilical ligaments?

Answer 45

umbilical arteries

Question 46

what becomes mediaN umbilical ligament?

Answer 46

allaNtois –> urachus