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physio term 2 > cardiovascular unit 6 lessons > Flashcards

cardiovascular unit 6 lessons Flashcards

1
Q

stoke volume equation

A

stroke volume= EDS- ESV

EDS- end diastolic volume
volume of blood in ventricles at the end of diastole
just BEFORE they contract

ESV- end systolic volume
volume of blood in ventricles at the end of systole
just AFTER contracting

End diastolic volume

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2
Q

what controls stroke volume
lesson 3.

A
  1. ANS
    Sympathetic (flight or flight)
    - release EPINEPHRINE or norepinephrine and bind to adrenergic receptors
  • increase ca2+ permeability, with increase stroke volume and increase muscle contraction

Parasympathetic (rest and digest)
- slow down heart beat

  • release acetylcholine, bind to muscarinic receptors
  • ca2+ permeability decreases, with decrease stroke volume and decrease muscle contraction

2.PRELOAD on heart

  • how much blood is in the heart before contracting
    “load”- before
  • EDV “end diastolic volume”

the larger the load is the more stretch there is on ventricles, and therefore a larger contraction (bigger stroke volume occurs)

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3
Q

stroke volume

cardiac output

A

is during one systolic contraction

cardiac output-
during one minute of ventricular contractions

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4
Q

how does the SNS effects blood vessels

A

affects the SA node (pacemaker) and ventricular muscle

innervates blood vessels
- squeezes the viens,
which increases venous return, EDV, SV, co

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5
Q

what are fenestrations

A

-pore found within endothelial cells
- which allow movement of small molecules

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6
Q

fileration vs absorption

A

filtration- movement OUT of a capillary

absorption- movement IN to a capillary

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7
Q

what are the two circulatory systems

A

pulmonary- blood vessels only to and from the heart (15%)
systemic- cary blood to the rest of the body (85%)
- 70% of blood is found in the viens

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8
Q

what are the main functions of the nervous system

A
  • transport oxygen and nutrients to the body
  • removes carbon dioxide and waste products from the tissues
  • regulate body temperature and ph - acidity of blood
  • transports and distributes hormones and other substances throughout the body
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9
Q

what is the difference between contractile and conductive cells in the heart

A

contractile cells-
causing heart to beat and contract

conductive-
act like a neuron
establishes heart rate
communicates throughout different cells

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10
Q

what are myocardial cells composed of

A
  • thick and thin filaments
  • lots of mitochondria, heart always needs an abundance of ATP
  • branched cells

intercalated discs:
- gap junctions , allow cells to communicate through ion channels, and proteins connexions

  • desmosomes, anchor end of cardiac muscle, so cells can’t pull apart during contraction
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11
Q

contraction difference in nodel cell vs neuron action potential

A

neuron- RMP of -70
- action potential stimulated at -55
- four milliseconds

nodal cell- RMP- no stable resting membrane potential
- lowest is -60
-threshold is -40
- very kittle k+ leak, that is why doesn’t get as negative
- a lot slower 0.8 seconds

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12
Q

compare
skeletal muscle- myocardial cell- smooth muscle

A
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13
Q

what does an ECG measure

A
  • sum of all electrical impulses in the heart
  • fluids conduct electricity well
    -recorded by surface electrodes

p- atrial depolarization
QRS- ventricular depolarization
T- ventricular depolarization

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14
Q

how does parasympathetic innervation effect heart rate

A
  • Ach binds to MUSCANNIC receptor
  • lows down
    less na+/ ca 2+ into cell
    more k+ leaving cell

rest and digest- to slow down heart rate

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15
Q

how does sympathetic innervation effect heart rate

A
  • increase ca/na in cell
    -decrease the k leaking out
  • want greater chance of action potential
  • increase slope of action potential- reach action potential quicker
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16
Q

pre load effect on the heart

A

EDV- the amount of blood in the heart after contraction

  • greater force on heart, bigger stretch, harder and more forceful contraction - bigger stroke volume
17
Q

the effect of moving on venous return

A

when running for example

  • your contracting muscles, squeezes blood in veins back to heart
  • increase EDV
  • so it increases stroke volume and co
18
Q

what is the difference is structure and function between arteries and arterioles?

A

artery- distribution vessel
- “shock absorbers”
- high blood pressure
- little resistance
- elastic fibres

arterioles-
resistance fibers
- vasoconstriction and vasodilation
-smooth muscle
- thick walls
- pinch happens here

cappilary
- very thin walls
- one epithelial cell thick
-great for diffusion

19
Q

continuous capillary vs fenestrated

A

fenestrated
- holes to allow larger molecules pass through

20
Q

what is the middle layer of the blood vessel called and what is it made up of

A

called: tunica media

smooth muscle
elastic tissue

21
Q

if net filtration is positive vs negative

A

positive- filtration

negative- reabsorption

22
Q

veins purpose

A

capacitance vessel

very low blood pressure, blood reserve

very thin walls
some elastic tissue and smooth muscle

23
Q

what are the three mechanisms used to regulate blood flow

A
  1. local (intrinsic)
    - environment in tissues

2.humoral (extrinsic)
- substances in blood

  1. neural (extrinsic)
    - nervous system
24
Q

explain local mechanism to regulate blood flow

A
  1. myogenic theory
    - muscle stretch
  • increase in BP
  • stretches arterioles walls (smooth muscle) detect the stretch, contraction in smooth muscle of arteriole walls, vasoconstriction, decreases blood flow after constriction

to protect the cappilarries and maintain normal blood flow

  1. metabolic theory
    - change in metabolism
    and tissue conditions

o2 decrease
co2 increase
H+ increase, in acidity, decrease in Ph

temperature increase

25
Q

vasodilator metaboiltes

A

conditions cause arterioles to vasodilate to increase flow

26
Q

humoral mechanism to regulate blood flow

A
  • extrinsic, substances in blood

raise your blood pressure or lower blood pressure

etc. epinephrine apla, antidirectic hormone, and angiosten, will raise blood pressure

epinephrine beta
atrial natriuretic pressure will lower bp

27
Q

what does MAP stand for

A

mean arteriole presssure

28
Q

what does TPR stand for

A

total peripheral resistance

29
Q

neural mechanism to regulate blood flow

A

extrinsic- nervous system

  1. sympathetic nervous system
  • innervates SA/AV node, ventricular muscle
  • innervates smooth muscle in viens (more venous return- increases EDV) ex. contracting muscles
  1. parasympathetic nervous system
  • no blood vessel innervation
  • indirect effects- because no SNS activation
30
Q

mean arterial pressure calculation

A

map= CO (HR x SV) x TPR (total peripheral resistance)

31
Q

what are baroreceptors

A

stretch sensitive receptors= mechanoreceptors

monitor blood pressure

send AP back to CV centre in medulla of brainstem

32
Q

what happens if the mean partial pressure are too high

A

stretches aorta and activates baroreceptors

baroreceptors send action potential back to cv centre- compare to set point

activate PSNS and shuts off SNS

decrease CO, cause vasodilation

decrease MAP

33
Q

anatomy of a blood vessel

A

tunica media
- smooth muscle
-elastic fibers

physio term 2 (5 decks)

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