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BIO 111 > Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels > Flashcards

Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels Flashcards

1
Q

Arteries

A

-transport blood away from the heart
-thicker tunica media and narrower lumen than veins
-more elastic and collagen fibers
-more resilient and resistant to changes in blood pressure
-branch into smaller vessels extending from the heart

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2
Q

Elastic Arteries

A

-larger arteries
-conduct blood from the heart to muscular arteries
-many elastic fibers in all tunics
-allow for stretch and recoil
-ex. aorta, pulmonary trunk, common carotid

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3
Q

Muscular Arteries

A

-medium arteries
-distribute blood to specific regions
-muscle allows vasoconstriction/dilation
-contains elastic lamina
-most named arteries, ex. brachial artery, coronary artery

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4
Q

Elastic Lamina

A

-sheets of elastic fiber
-internal and external elastic lamina

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5
Q

Arterioles

A

-smallest
-larger arterioles have 3 tunics
-smaller arterioles only have thin endothelium and single smooth muscle layer
-regulate systemic blood pressure and flow

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6
Q

Vasomotor Tone

A

-smooth muscle partially contracted
-regulated by medulla oblongata

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7
Q

Veins

A

-transports blood towards the heart
-thicker tunica externa and larger lumen than arteries
-less elastic and collagen fibers
-wall collapses if no blood in vessel
-merge and drain into larger and larger vessels
-small to medium sized veins companion to muscular arteries
-large veins companion to elastic arteries
-numerous valves
-prevent blood from pooling in limbs
-ensure flow to the heart

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8
Q

Venules

A

-smallest
-post capillary venules to large venules
-companion to arterioles
-no valves

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9
Q

Capillaries

A

-permeable, microscopic vessels between arteries and veins
-only contain tunica intima
-no subendothelial layer
-composed of endothelium and basement membrane
-thin wall allows for rapid gas and nutrient exchange
-connect arterioles and venules

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10
Q

Continuous Capillaries

A

-endothelial cells form a continuous lining
-tight junctions between cells
-but do not form a complete seal
-ex. in muscle, skin, lungs, central nervous system

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11
Q

Intercellular clefts

A

-gaps between endothelial cells
-only smaller particles can pass through

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12
Q

Fenestrated Capillaries

A

-endothelial cells form a continuous lining
-but cells have fenestrations
-pores
-found in areas of high fluid transport
-ex. intestine, kidneys, endocrine glands

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13
Q

Sinusoid Capillaries

A

-discontinuous capillaries
-large gaps
-basement membrane in incomplete or absent
-allows large substances to diffuse
-ex. bone marrow, spleen

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14
Q

Capillary Bed

A

-group of capillaries functioning together

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15
Q

Metarteriole

A

-vessel branch of an arteriole
-proximal end
-scattered with smooth muscle cells

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16
Q

Throughfare Channel

A

-distal end
-no smooth muscle cells
-connects to postcapillary venule
-draining bed

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17
Q

Postcapillary Venule

A

-draining bed

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18
Q

True Capillary

A

-branch from metarteriole

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19
Q

Precapillary Sphincter

A

-control blood flow into true capillaries
-relaxation = blood flow
-contraction = no blood flow

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20
Q

Vasomotion

A

-cycle of contracting and relaxing
-5 – 10 cycles per minute

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21
Q

Tunics

A

-layers that make up the vessel wall

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22
Q

Tunica Intima

A

-innermost layer

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23
Q

Endothelium

A

-simple squamous epithelium

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24
Q

Tunica Medi

A

-middle layer
-circularly arranged smooth muscle cells with elastic fibers

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25
Tunic Externa
-outermost layer of vessel -areolar connective tissue with elastic and collagen fibers
26
Lumen
-space within the vessel
27
Vasoconstriction
-contraction of smooth muscle -in tunic media -narrow blood vessel lumen
28
Vasodilation
-relaxation of smooth muscle -widens blood vessel lumen
29
Companion Vessels
-lie next to each other -arteries and veins serving the same body region
30
Blood Reservoirs
-systemic veins acts as blood reservoirs
31
Simple Pathway
-one major artery delivers blood to an organ or region
32
End Artery
-artery that provides only one path for blood to reach an organ or region
33
Alternative Pathway
-differ in the number of arteries, capillary beds and veins that serve an organ -2 different types: anastomoses, portal system
34
Anastomoses
-joining of blood vessels -provides alternate pathways for blood to be transported
35
Arterial Anastomosis
-2 or more arteries converging to supply the same body region
36
Venous Anastomosis
-2 or more veins draining the same body region
37
Arteriovenous Anastomosis
-blood from artery delivered directly to vein -bypass capillary bed
38
Portal System
-2 capillary bed in sequence -separated by a portal vein
39
Portal Vein
-delivers blood to another organ first before blood is sent back to the heart
40
Diffusion
-movement down a concentration gradient -small molecules
41
Vesicular Transport
-vesicles used at plasma membrane
42
Bulk Flow
-fluids flow down a pressure gradient -large amounts of fluids (and dissolved substances) move between capillaries and interstitial fluid of tissues -critical for fluid balance between blood and interstitial space -movement direction depends on net pressure of opposing forces -hydrostatic pressure vs colloid osmotic pressure
43
Filtration
-movement of bilk flow out of the blood -arterial end
44
Reabsorption
-movement back into the blood -at venous end
45
Hydrostatic Pressure
-force per unit area exerted by a fluid on the capillary wall
46
Blood Hydrostatic Pressure
-blood pressure -force of blood against vessel wall -promotes filtration
47
Interstitial Hydrostatic Pressure
-force of interstitial fluid on external surface of vessel -~0
48
Colloid Osmotic Pressure
-pull of water into the tissues by osmosis
49
Blood Colloid Osmotic Pressure
-force that draws fluid back into the blood -due to proteins in the blood -opposes HP -promotes reabsorption
50
Interstitial Colloid Osmotic Pressure
-draws fluid into interstitial fluid -~0
51
Net Filtration pressure
-difference between net hydrostatic pressure and net colloid osmotic pressure NFP = (HPb – Hif) – (COPb – COPif) -positive NFP = filtration -arterial end -negative NFP = reabsorption -venous end
52
Local Blood Flow
-blood delivered locally to capillaries of a specific organ or tissue (mL/min) -controlled by: -degree of vascularity -myogenic response -local regulatory factors -total blood flow
53
Vascularity
-extent of vessels in a tissue -metabolically active tissues have more vascularity
54
Angiogenesis
-formation of new blood vessels -tales week-months -increases potential perfusion
55
Regression
-return to previous state of blood vessels
56
Myogenic Response
-blood flow into a tissue may remain constant -if systemic bp increases and more blood enters arteriole: -stretches smooth muscle -stimulates muscle contraction -results in vasoconstriction -if systemic bp decreases and less blood enter the arteriole: -decreased stretch in smooth muscle -stimulates muscle to relax -results in vasodilation
57
Vasoactive Chemicals
-alter blood flow
58
Vasodilators
-dilate arterioles and relax precapillary sphincters -increase flow into capillary beds
59
Autoregulation
-tissue regulates or controls blood flow in response to charging metabolic needs -usually stimulated by inadequate perfusion -decreased O2 and nutrient levels -causes vasodilation of arterioles and precapillary sphincters -negative feedback when perfusion restored -causes vasoconstriction of arterioles
60
Vasoconstrictors
-constrict arterioles and cause contraction of precapillary sphincters -decrease flow to capillary beds
61
Total blood flow
-amount of blood transported through vasculature per unit of time (L/min) -equal to cardiac output -may increase significantly with exercise -regulation of total flow depends on heart and blood vessels -total blood flow (F) is proportional to pressure gradient (∆P) and inversely proportional to total peripheral resistance (R)
62
Blood Pressure
-force per unit area that blood exerts against the inside wall of a vessel
63
Arterial Blood Pressure
-blood flow in arteries pulse with the cardiac cycle -arteries have stretch and recoil due to elastic fibers
64
Systolic Pressure
-when ventricles contract -highest pressure generated in arteries -maximum stretch
65
Diastolic Pressure
-when ventricles relax -lowest pressure generated in arteries -maximum recoil
66
Pulse Pressure
-additional pressure placed on the arteries when the heart is contracting -difference between systolic and diastolic -ex. 120 – 80 = 40 mm Hg -reflects the elasticity and recoil of arteries -allows for palpation of throbbing pulse in elastic and muscular arteries
67
Mean Arterial pressure (MAP)
-average (mean) arterial blood pressure across entire cardiac cycle -since diastole lasts longer than systole, the mean is weighted to be closer to diastolic pressure -MAP = diastolic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure -ex. 120/80 (systolic/diastolic) -pulse pressure = 120 – 80 = 40 -MAP = 80 + (1/3)* 40 -MAP = 93 mm Hg -provides a numeric value for how well the body tissues and organs perfuse
68
Capillary Blood Pressure
-pressure no longer fluctuates between systolic and diastolic -arterial end ~ 35-40 mm Hg -venous end < 20 mm Hg -accounts for filtration and reabsorption at respective ends
69
Venous Blood Pressure
-movement of blood from capillaries back to the heart via the veins -depends on pressure gradient, valves, skeletal muscle pump and respiratory muscle pump -no pulse (to far from heart) and small pressure gradient
70
Venus Return
-movement of blood from capillaries back to the heart via the veins -depends on pressure gradient, valves, skeletal muscle pump and respiratory muscle pump -no pulse (to far from the heart) and small pressure gradient
71
Skeletal Muscle Pump
-assist venous return from the limbs -as skeletal muscle contracts, veins are squeezed to help propel the blood toward the heart -valves prevent back flow
72
Respiratory Pump
-assist venous return in thorax -inspiration and expiration cause pressure gradient changes
73
Systemic Gradient
-difference between pressure in arteries near heart and in vena cava -driving force to move blood through vasculature -BP gradient is directly proportional to total blood flow (~cardiac output)
74
Total Peripheral Resistance
-amount of friction the blood experiences as it is transported through the blood vessels -factors that influence peripheral resistance: viscosity, vessel length, vessel radius
75
Viscosity
-internal resistance of blood to its flow -increase thickness of fluid = increase is viscosity = increase resistance -depends on percentage of particles in the fluid
76
Vessel Length
-increase vessel length = increase friction = increase resistance -normally remains constant but weight gain or loss changes vessel length
77
Vessel Radius
-lumen size -decrease radius = increase resistance = decrease flow -vasomotor center of medulla regulates vasomotor tone that causes vasoconstriction/dilation of primarily arterioles

BIO 111 (3 decks)

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