Cardiovascular System and Cardiac Muscle Flashcards
What are the three main components of the cardiovascular system?
Heart, blood vessels, blood [PAGE3]
What are the formed elements found in blood?
Erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets [PAGE3]
Starting at the right atrium, what’s the first valve blood passes through?
Tricuspid valve [PAGE4] [Image: Tricuspid Valve Diagram]
After the tricuspid valve, where does blood flow from the right atrium?
Right ventricle [PAGE4-5]
Which valve does blood pass through to exit the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery?
Pulmonary semilunar valve [PAGE7] [Image: Pulmonary Valve Diagram]
After the lungs oxygenate blood, where does it return via the pulmonary veins?
Left atrium [PAGE7]
What valve allows blood to flow from the left atrium to the left ventricle?
Mitral valve [PAGE18] [Image: Mitral Valve Diagram]
Which valve does blood pass through to exit the left ventricle into the aorta?
Aortic semilunar valve [PAGE10] [Image: Aortic Valve Diagram]
Where does deoxygenated blood return to the right atrium from?
Vena cava [PAGE8]
Are heart valves one-way or two-way, and what do they prevent?
One-way; prevent backflow for unidirectional flow [PAGE14] [Image: Heart Valves Overview]
What do papillary muscles do during ventricular systole?
Contract to pull chordae tendineae, aiding valve closure [PAGE15] [Image: Papillary Muscles and Chordae]
What structure prevents atrioventricular valves from prolapsing during contraction?
Chordae tendineae [PAGE15] [Image: Chordae Tendineae Diagram]
In aortic stenosis, where does blood back up, and why?
Left ventricle; narrowed aortic valve reduces outflow [PAGE10] [Image: Aortic Stenosis Effect]
With mitral valve prolapse, where does blood regurgitate during ventricular contraction?
Left atrium [PAGE17] [Image: Mitral Valve Prolapse]
If chordae tendineae are too loose, what happens to blood flow?
Valve prolapses, causing regurgitation (e.g., into left atrium) [PAGE15] [Image: Valve Prolapse]
Where does blood back up if the right ventricle is weak?
Vena cava (systemic congestion) [PAGE12]
What are the three layers of the heart wall, from outer to inner?
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium [PAGE20-21] [Image: Heart Wall Layers]
Which heart layer reduces friction as the outer covering?
Epicardium (part of pericardium) [PAGE21]
Which heart layer is responsible for pumping blood and contains coronary arteries?
Myocardium [PAGE21] [Image: Myocardium with Coronary Arteries]
What does the endocardium do in the heart?
Lines chambers and valves, provides smooth blood flow surface [PAGE20-21]
What structures allow cardiac muscle to function as a syncytium?
Intercalated discs with gap junctions [PAGE22, PAGE24] [Image: Intercalated Discs]
How do gap junctions contribute to cardiac muscle function?
Electrically couple myocytes for rapid action potential spread [PAGE23-24]
Why is it critical for cardiac muscle to act as a syncytium?
Ensures coordinated contraction for efficient pumping [PAGE23]
What two features of intercalated discs enable electrical coupling in cardiac muscle?
Intercalated discs and gap junctions [PAGE22-24] [Image: Gap Junctions Close-Up]
