Cardiovascular system and blood-Anatomy (lectures 4 to 7)

Question 1

What makes up the cardiovascular system?

Answer 1

Blood Vascular System and Lymphatic (Vascular) System

Question 2

Lymphatic (Vascular) System

Answer 2

Open-entry drainage system, one-way system

Question 3

Blood Vascular System

Answer 3

Closed supply and drainage system, continuous loop

Question 4

General Principles of Organisation of
Cardiovascular system

Answer 4

-supply side: Arteries are only supply path, Major arteries situated to avoid damage, Important structures often receive supply from two sources
(two separate arteries), Arteries change their name at each major branch.
-Exchange network: Capillaries of varying degrees of permeability (Continuous, Fenestrated, Sinusoidal)
-Drainage: Deep veins, Superficial veins, Lymphatics

Question 5

Heart structure

Answer 5

Blunt, cone shaped, Pointed end - Apex, Broad end - Base

Question 6

Venous return to the Atria of the Heart-thin walled (receiving) chambers

Answer 6

Right atrium receives: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, coronary sinus (deoxygenated blood)
Left atrium receives: four pulmonary veins (oxygenated blood)

Question 7

Heart structure

Answer 7

-Layers of the heart wall: Endocardium (Squamous epithelium (endothelium), Loose irregular fibrous connective tissue (FCT)), Myocardium, Epicardium
-Pericardium (outer wall of heart (like a bag)

Question 8

Heart wall

Answer 8

-Pericardium: Fibrous pericardium, Parietal layer of serous pericardium, Pericardial cavity
-Epicardium (visceral serous pericardium, loose irregular FCT (adipose), blood vessels)
-Myocardium
-Endocardium

Question 9

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Answer 9

Function: Prevent blood returning to atria during ventricular contraction.
Right side - tricuspid valve.
Left side - bicuspid (mitral) valve.

Question 10

Semilunar valves

Answer 10

Function: Prevent blood returning to ventricles during filling (diastole).
Right side - Pulmonary (semilunar) valve, 3 cusps.
Left side - Aortic (semilunar) valve, 3 cusps.
Pushed open as blood flows out of heart.
Close as blood starts to backflow.

Question 11

Myocardium

Answer 11

Cardiac muscle
Features of both smooth & skeletal muscle as
well as cardiac muscle specific specialisations.
Function: Beating of the heart

Question 12

Cardiac Muscle Cell Structure

Answer 12

Striated
Short, branched cells.
One (sometimes 2) nuclei / cell.
Central (oval shaped), nucleus.
Cytoplasmic organelles packed at poles of nucleus.
Interconnected with neighboring cells via intercalated disks (ICDs)

Question 13

Cardiac Muscle, Intercalated disks

Answer 13

Adhesion belts (linking actin to actin) (Vertical portion)
Desmosomes (linking cytokeratin with cytokeratin).
Gap junction (electrochemical communication) (Horizontal portion)

Question 14

Conduction System of the Heart

Answer 14

Its actions greatly increase efficiency of heart pumping.
System responsible for co-ordination of heart contraction and of atrioventricular valve action.
Autonomic nerves alter rate of conduction impulse generation.