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Human Anatomy and Physiology > Cardiovascular system > Flashcards

Cardiovascular system Flashcards

1
Q

Test to determine % of each kind of wbc

A

Differential wbc count

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2
Q

Sagging, swollen superficial veins distorted by gravity and failure Of valves

A

Varicose veins

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3
Q

when artia relax, ventricles contract, av valves close, and semilunar valves open is what part of the heartbeat

A

ventricular systole

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4
Q

what is the term for the cardiac pacemaker of the heart that initiates electrical impulse and spreads to the cardiac cells of the atria and to the other half of the pacemaker about 100 msec slower than to that of the atria

A

the Sinoatrial node or the SA node

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5
Q

Disease/ disorder with a bulge in a weakened wall of blood vessel (usually an artery)

A

Aneurysm

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6
Q

Type of shock due to pathogens releasing toxins into blood stream and dilates blood vessels

A

Septic shock

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7
Q

plasma proteins that transports hemoglobin, copper, lipids, vitamins, hormones, and iron, which also aid blood clotting, destruction of toxins, and antibodies

A

globulins

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8
Q

Abnormal patterns of cardiac electrical activity is called

A

Cardiac arrhythmia

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9
Q

what is the function of an av valve

A

prevents backflow into atriums of heart

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10
Q

the measurement of an artery expanding and then recoiling

A

pulse

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11
Q

list some specific functions of transportation in the blood

A
  • carries o2 and co2 between lungs and tissues of body
  • carries nutrients from digestive system and storage areas to rest of body
  • carries wastes to the liver and kidneys for detoxification
  • carries hormones from endocrine glands to target tissues
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12
Q

List some functions of blood related to homeostasis

A
  • regulates temp by moving heat from skeletal muscles to superficial blood vessels
  • transfers water and electrolytes to and from tissue to stabilize balance
  • stabilizes ph with buffers
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13
Q

what are the two names for the serous membranes that attach to the myocardium

A

the visceral pericardium and the epicardium

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14
Q

what is the name for the part of the heart wall that lines the inner surface of heart chambers and valves?

A

endocardium

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15
Q

Technique to reduce coronary plaque by inserting a catheter and inflating a balloon

A

Balloon angioplasty

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16
Q

wbc type that is the most and least common

A

most: neutrophils
least: basophils

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17
Q

type of blood vessel that carries deoxygenated blood from capillary beds towards larger vessels

A

venules

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18
Q

chemical reaction chain in blood clotting process

A

prostaglandins&raquo_space;> prothrombin+calcium»> thrombin»> fibrinogen»> fibrin

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19
Q

Process of producing formed elements is called..

A

Hemopoiesis

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20
Q

talk me through the blood clotting process

A
  1. platelets in circulation break over injury cite, and cause a prostaglandin (platelet factors) reaction which triggers the start of blood clotting.
  2. platelets attach at injury site to act as a temporary plug and prostaglandins constrict blood vessel
  3. initiate reaction between plasma protein called prothrombin, calcium (+other substances) to form thrombin
  4. thrombin reacts with fibrinogen (in plasma) to create fibrin (jelly substance) to make a web over platelets and traps rbc to make a more permanent plug
  5. prostaglandins after clot is formed will stimulate blood clot shrinkage and vessel cell growth or healing
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21
Q

Test in which radioactive dye is injected via catheter into coronary arteries and using a x ray to see abnormalities

A

Coronary angiogram

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22
Q

Cancer of red bone marrow to have an abnormal wbc production

A

Leukemia

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23
Q

what is the fetal bypass that shunt blood from right atrium directly into the left atrium to skip a visit to the lungs called?

A

foramen ovale

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24
Q

what is the term for the movement of blood from left ventricle to right atria

A

systemic circuit

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25
Q

Antibodies in plasma of blood that attack opposite rh agglutinogens.
Ex. With A agglutinogens, you have B of this

A

Agglutinins

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26
Q

Ph of blood and how many liters of blood in most normal adults

A

Ph- 7.35-7.45

5-6 liters

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27
Q

When antibodies of blood type clump together by holding on to antigens of rbcs

A

Agglutination

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28
Q

what is the period between the start of one heartbeat and the beginning of the next called (takes about .8 seconds)

A

cardiac cycle

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29
Q

what is the term for the ventricular aspect of the cardiac pacemaker, in which the impulse will reach the papillary muscles to close av valves, and then to the hearts apex to contract the ventricles from the bottom up into the pulmonary artery and aorta artery

A

the Atrioventricular node or the AV node

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30
Q

Degenerative changes in coronary circulation

A

Coronary artery disease CAD

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31
Q

where are wbc made, and what wbc makes it in a different area?

A

made in bone marrow, and if a lymphocyte then it is made in lymph tissues

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32
Q

in an ekg, what part is the ventricular depolarization/impulse that leads to ventricular systole

A

qrs complex

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33
Q

Disease/disorder with a thickening and toughening of arterial walls

A

Arteriosclerosis

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34
Q

Analysis of blood yielding to measure rbc, wbc, and platelet counts, also measures hemoglobin and hematocrit and different types of wbc

A

CBC or complete blood count

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35
Q

what is the muscular wall of the heart that forms atria and ventricles that is embedded with blood vessels, nerves and connective tissues

A

myocardium

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36
Q

in an ekg what part is the deflection caused by atrial depolarization/impulse which leads to atrial systole

A

p wave

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37
Q

Disease/disorder that is a type of thickening of arterial walls with changes in vessel lining and plaque formation

A

Atherosclerosis

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38
Q

Failure to deliver sufficient oxygen to body tissues which lead to cell impairment or death

A

Circulatory shock

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39
Q

Slower than normal heart rate is called

A

Bradycardia

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40
Q

Group of diseases with progressive and irreversible deterioration of myocardium

A

Cardiomyopathies

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41
Q

part of blood that is made in red bone marrow, has a 10 day life expectancy, lacks nucleus and organelles. (considered a cell fragment)

A

platelets or thrombocytes

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42
Q

wbc type that releases histamine in damaged tissues to promote inflammation and heparin to prevent clotting and thin blood. these cells work in parasitic infections and allergic reactions.

A

basophils

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43
Q

when atria and ventricles relax av valves and semilunar valves are closed and atria begin filling with blood, then av valves open and semilunar remain closed

A

ventricular diastole

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44
Q

term for relaxation of heart muscles

A

diastole

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45
Q

Faster than normal heartbeat is called

A

Tachycardia

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46
Q

function of platelets

A

blood clotting and to cease clotting in mended vessels

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47
Q

what is the volume of blood ejected from the ventricles during each beat called?

A

stroke volume

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48
Q

Conduction affecting normal heart rhythm due to impaired communication between SA, AV nodes and the ventricular myocardium, caused by mechanical distortion, ischemia, infection or inflammation

A

Heart block

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49
Q

wbc type that is phagocytic, has cell killing enzymes (cytotoxic), promotes inflammation during allergic reactions, and releases cytotoxic enzymes when infected with parasitic worms

A

eosinophils

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50
Q

what is blood plasma without clotting agents called

A

serum

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51
Q

Reaction of mothers Rh antibodies against fetus’ rh and rbc causing agglutination

A

Erythroblastosis fetalis

52
Q

Drifting blood clot becoming lodged in vessel and blocks circulation

A

Embolism

53
Q

what is the fetal extension of the umbilical vein called that will take blood past the liver and into the inferior vena cava called

A

ductus venosus

54
Q

what valves prevent blood from reentering the heart once the ventricles have pumped it away?

A

the semilunar valves

55
Q

Function of blood relating to fighting off pathogens

A

WBC and antibodies in blood locate and destroy pathogens

56
Q

what in an ekg is the time for a single ventricular depolarization/impulse- or the repolarization cycle

A

q-t interval

57
Q

type of blood vessel that is large and carries deoxygenated blood toward the heart, and has a large lumen to reduce resistance and valves

A

veins

58
Q

what in an ekg is the time between the beginning of atrial depolarization and beginning of ventricular depolarization

A

p-q interval

59
Q

wbc type that is a large free phagocytic cell or a macrophage

A

monocytes

60
Q

Condition in which oxygen carrying capacity of blood is reduced due to low hemoglobin

A

Anemia

61
Q

type of blood vessel that allow for diffusion of intra and extracellular fluids

A

capillaries

62
Q

plasma protein that includes enzymes and hormones

A

regulatory proteins

63
Q

Heart valves become thickened and stiffen to close partially

A

Rheumatic heart disease RHD

64
Q

Molecules on surface of cell membranes that immune system can detect

A

Antigens

65
Q

wbc types that are granulocytic

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils

66
Q

Blood clot

A

Thrombus

67
Q

What are the 4 to 5 things included in the plasma of the blood

A 
Albumins
Globulins 
Fibrinogens
Regulatory proteins
Serum
68
Q

What includes formed elements

A

Rbc, wbc, and platelets

69
Q

term for contraction of heart muscles

A

systole

70
Q

Volume % of rbc in whole blood

A

Hematocrit

71
Q

Type of shock in which there is a dilation of blood vessels due to involuntary nerve stimulation of vessels

A

Neurological shock

72
Q

Disease/disorder in which exertion or stress can produce chest pain from temporary ischemia of a stressed heart

A

Angina pectoris

73
Q

what are the things that keep the av valves closed correctly?

A

the papillary muscles and the chordae tendinae

74
Q

Type of shock that is a Result of any type of heart failure like heart attacks or infections

A

Cardiogenic shock

75
Q

Pericardial inflammation in which fluid collects in pericardial sac and restricts cardiac output

A

Cardiac tamponade

76
Q

wbc type that is phagocytic, has cell killing enzymes (cytotoxic), and are first to injury cite to release chemicals signaling other wbc

A

neutrophils

77
Q

Technical term for when rbc wear out

A

Hemolize

78
Q

When mistrial valve do not close properly cause by papillary muscle malfunction and tendons being too long or short, causes bad low of blood called murmur

A

Mistrial valve prolapse MVP

79
Q

Heart attacks with prolonged lack of blood flow go heart muscle

A

Myocardial infarction

80
Q

functions of the blood

A
  • Transportation
  • Homeostasis
  • Restrict fluid loss
  • Fights pathogens
81
Q

What’s the device called used to stop the heart to restore normal cardiac rhythm.

A

Defibrillator

82
Q

three types of globulins

A

alpha, beta, gamma

83
Q

what are the three blood vessels of the umbillical cord

A

two small umbilical arteries and one large umbilical vein

84
Q

Types of shock

A 
Cardiogenic shock 
Hypovolemic/ hemorrhage shock 
Neurogenic shock 
Anaphylactic shock 
Septic shock
85
Q

what is the volume of blood pumped by one ventricle per minute called?

A

cardiac output

86
Q

this cavity is filled with fluid to reduce friction and protect the heart as well as organs surrounding

A

pericardial cavity

87
Q

Rapid and uncontrolled and uncoordinated spasms of heart wall

A

Fibrillation

88
Q

type of blood vessel that carries oxygenated blood away from heart and has a thick wall

A

artery

89
Q

what is the term for the movement of blood from the aorta artery, through the coronary arteries and veins of the heart, and back to the inferior vena cava vein

A

coronary circuit

90
Q

plasma protein that functions in blood clotting at injury cite

A

fibrinogen

91
Q

Function of rbc

A

Carry o2 and co2 to and from lungs and tissues

92
Q

wbc type that provides specific defense against pathogens or toxins

A

lymphocytes

93
Q

Ultrasound of heart and analysis of blood flow through major vessels

A

Echocardiography

94
Q

Function of blood and relating to restricting fluid blood loss

A

Contains platelets and enzymes and other clotting factors

95
Q

differences between wbc and rbc

A 
rbc
-biconcave 
-have no important organelles 
-hemoglobin proteins 
-can live for 120 days 
wbc
-defend body from pathogens and removes wastes, tumor cells, abnormal, dead or damaged cells. 
-complete cells 
 -can be stored, in circulation, and in tissues
-5 total wbc types
-can live for a few hours or few days
96
Q

Abnormal hemoglobin production to Malformed rbc that allows them to become more fragile and can become backed up and stuck in blood vessels

A

Sickle cell anemia

97
Q

plasma protein that is responsible for blood viscosity and osmotic pressure (or resistance to flow and fluid balance/blood pressure) and transports fatty acids, free bilirubin and thyroid hormone

A

albumins

98
Q

what does an electrocardiogram do

A

records the electrical activities of heart

99
Q

instrument used to amplify sounds and instrument used to measure blood pressure

A

stethoscope and sphygmomanometer

100
Q

Infects B cells by Epstein Barr virus, and altered lymphocytes are attack are attacked by wbc causing a fever, sore throat and swollen lymph nodes

A

Mononucleosis

101
Q

type of blood vessel that carry blood away from heart and toward tissue capillaries

A

arterioles

102
Q

Type of shock that is due to loss of blood volume in blood vessels

A

Hypovolemic/hemorrhagic shock

103
Q

Where hemopoiesis occurs

A

Myeloid tissue and lymphoid tissue

104
Q

in what order does the impulse from the SA node travel to through the AV node? or the heart conduction pathway

A

SA node»>AV node»>AV bundle»>Bundle of his»>purkinje fibers

105
Q

when atria contract, av valves open, and semilunar valves close is what part of heartbeat

A

atrial systole

106
Q

Abnormally high or low blood pressure, low leads to poor circulation to vital organs

A

Hypertension and hypotension

107
Q

in an ekg what is the deflection caused by ventricular repolarization (returning to resting potential of nervous tissue in ventricles)

A

t wave

108
Q

Technical term for when rbc are eaten and wasted are eliminated through urine or in elements like iron, recycled in liver or spleen.

A

Phagocytize

109
Q

Inherited disorder by inadequate production of clotting factors

A

Hemophilia

110
Q

Low tissue oxygen levels

A

Hypoxia

111
Q

what are the three bypasses that the fetal heart has that is not present after birth

A

the ductus venosus, foramen ovale, and the ductus arteriosus

112
Q

Antigens of rbc that determine blood type

A

Agglutinogens

113
Q

what is the fetal bypass that diverts blood from the pulmonary artery to the aorta to skip the visit to the lungs called?

A

ductus arteriosus

114
Q

Condition that develops when left ventricle can no longer keep up with the right ventricles pace and blood backs up in pulmonary circuit, and can have edema

A

Congestive heart failure

115
Q

what is blood pressure and whats the normal rate

A

the amount of pressure that blood is exerting on blood vessels
normal rate is 120/80

116
Q

wbc type that are agranulocytes

A

monocytes, and lymphocytes

117
Q

which av valve is bicuspid/mitral and which is the tricuspid

A

the left av valve is the bicuspid/ mitrial and the right av valve is the tricuspid

118
Q

Inflammation of vein

A

Phlebitis

119
Q

Replacement of blocked coronary artery by a transplanted vessel

A

Coronary artery bypass

120
Q

Abnormal area in blood vessel where large quantities of lipids accumulate

A

Plaque

121
Q

Type of shock with an acute allergic reaction resulting in vessel dilation

A

Anaphylactic shock

122
Q

what is the term for the movement of blood from the right atria, through the lungs, and back to the left ventricle

A

pulmonary circuit

123
Q

hormone released by kidneys when o2 levels are low, which stimulates bone marrow to produce more rbc to transport o2

A

erythropoietin

124
Q

what are the 5 wbc types

A

neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

125
Q

what are the cells that start hemopoiesis

A

hemocytoblasts

126
Q

Metal mesh tube inserted into vessel to hold open

A

Stent

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