Cardiovascular system Flashcards

(43 cards)

1
Q

Give 2 features of AF on ECG and why AF is dangerous

A

Irregularly irregular rhythm
No distinct p waves
Turbulent flow pattern increases clot risk

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2
Q

Describe 2nd degree heart block mobitz I

A

Gradual prolongation of PR interval until a beat is skipped

Regularly irregular

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3
Q

Describe 2nd degree heart block mobitz II

A

P waves regular, but only some followed by QRS
No PR prolongation
Regularly irregular

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4
Q

Describe 3rd degree heart block

A

P waves regular, QRS regular, no relationship

Atria + ventricles beat asynchronously

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5
Q

Describe ventricular fibrilation

A

Rate irregular + >250 bpm

Asynchronous ventricular contraction, no filling

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6
Q

Describe ventricular tachycardia

A

Rate regular + fast

p waves hidden- dissociated atrial rhythm

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7
Q

What characterises ST elevation? What is it caused by?

A

ST segment >2mm above isoelectric line

Infarction

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8
Q

What characterises ST depression? What is it caused by?

A

ST segment >2mm below isoelectric line

Ischaemia

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9
Q

What 4 features are seen in the hands of a patient with infective endocarditis?

A

Janeway lesions: haemorrhagic lesions on thenar eminence
Clubbing
Osler’s nodes: painful, raised lesions
Splinter haemorrhages

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10
Q

List 4 defining features of clubbing

A

Loss of Lovibonds angle
Increased longitudinal curvature of nail
Boggy nail bed
Drumsticking of finger nails

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11
Q

Give 4 CVS causes of clubbing

A

Congenital cyanotic heart disease e.g. teratology of fallot
Atrial myxoma
Infective endocarditis
Malignancy

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12
Q

What stigmata may be present in the hands of a patient with hypercholesterolaemia?

A

Tendon xanthomata

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13
Q

Name a condition that can cause radio-radial delay

A

Aortic dissection

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14
Q

Name a condition that can cause a collapsing pulse. What other hyper kinetic states may this arise in?

A

Aortic regurgitation
Thyrotoxicosis
Fever
Anaemia

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15
Q

What is Quincke’s pulse? What causes it?

A

Visible capillary pulsations on compression to fingernail bed
Aortic regurgitation

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16
Q

What causes an irregularly irregular pulse?

A

Atrial fibrillation

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17
Q

What causes a slow rising pulse?

A

Aortic stenosis

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18
Q

What causes a bounding pulse?

A

CO2 retention

19
Q

Give 2 features of a CO2 retention flap. What causes this?

A

Bilateral
Symmetrically timed
Hypercapnia: COPD/ T2 respiratory failure

20
Q

Describe the abnormality of a collapsing pulse

A

On lifting their arm, pulse gets REALLY strong (like hammer hitting arm)

21
Q

State 2 causes of a collapsing pulse

A

Aortic regurgitation

Patent ductus arteriosis

22
Q

Give 3 causes of a narrow pulse pressure

A

HF
Blood loss
Aortic stenosis

23
Q

Give 3 causes of a wide pulse pressure

A

Aortic regurgitation
PDA
Aortic coarctation

24
Q

What is pulsus paradoxus? Give 2 causes

A

varied pulse strength with each inspiration + expiration
Sever asthma
Cardiac tamponade

25
What is pulsus alternans? Name a cause
regular alterations in force of pulse (not varying with respiration) Severe LVF
26
When may a jerky pulse be felt?
HOCM
27
Give 3 causes of a molar flush
Mitral stenosis (CO2 retention causes vasodilation) SLE Polycythaemia rubra vera
28
What causes corneal arcus in under 50s?
Hypercholesteralaemia
29
What causes xanthelasma?
Hypercholesteralaemia
30
In which syndrome may you see a high arched palate?
Marfan's
31
List 4 causes of raised JVP
Fluid overload Cardiac tamponade RHF + Cor pulmonale Constrictive pericarditis
32
What should happen to the JVP on inspiration?
Fall due to reduced intrathoracic pressure
33
What are cannon A waves in the JVP? What causes these?
Large A waves from simultaneous contraction of RA + RV | 3rd degree heart block
34
What causes large V waves in the JVP?
Tricuspid regurgitation
35
What is Kussmaul's sign? What causes this?
JVP rise on inspiration Impaired RV function Cardiac tamponade, constrictive pericarditis, restrictive cardiomyopathy
36
What can cause displacement of the apex beat?
Left/ Right ventricular hypertrophy
37
What causes a heaving apex beat?
Pressure overload in Aortic stenosis
38
What causes a tapping apex beat?
Mitral stenosis
39
What causes S4?
Atrial contraction against a stiff ventricle
40
What causes S3?
Turbulent ventricular filling
41
What manoeuvre is recommended for hearing aortic regurgitation? Where?
Lean forward | Left 3rd ICS parasternal
42
What manoeuvre is recommended for hearing mitral stenosis? Where?
Roll onto left side | 5th ICS MCL with bell
43
Which heart murmur radiates to the cartoids?
Aortic stenosis